吃透HTTP一:Http请求HttpUrlConnection,HttpClientOKHttp详细介绍
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一,HTTP概述
HTTP协议是无状态的协议,即每一次请求都是互相独立的。因此它的最初实现是,每一个http请求都会打开一个tcp socket连接,当交互完毕后会关闭这个连接。
HTTP协议是全双工的协议,所以建立连接与断开连接是要经过三次握手与四次挥手的。显然在这种设计中,每次发送Http请求都会消耗很多的额外资源,即连接的建立与销毁。
于是,HTTP协议的也进行了发展,通过持久连接的方法来进行socket连接复用。
HTTP/1.0+的Keep-Alive
使用HTTP/1.0的客户端在首部中加上"Connection:Keep-Alive",请求服务端将一条连接保持在打开状态。服务端如果愿意将这条连接保持在打开状态,就会在响应中包含同样的首部。如果响应中没有包含"Connection:Keep-Alive"首部,则客户端会认为服务端不支持keep-alive,会在发送完响应报文之后关闭掉当前连接。
通过keep-alive补充协议,客户端与服务器之间完成了持久连接,然而仍然存在着一些问题:
- 在HTTP/1.0中keep-alive不是标准协议,客户端必须发送Connection:Keep-Alive来激活keep-alive连接。
- 代理服务器可能无法支持keep-alive,因为一些代理是"盲中继",无法理解首部的含义,只是将首部逐跳转发。所以可能造成客户端与服务端都保持了连接,但是代理不接受该连接上的数据。
HTTP/1.1的持久连接
HTTP/1.1采取持久连接的方式替代了Keep-Alive。
HTTP/1.1的连接默认情况下都是持久连接。如果要显式关闭,需要在报文中加上Connection:Close首部。即在HTTP/1.1中,所有的连接都进行了复用。
然而如同Keep-Alive一样,空闲的持久连接也可以随时被客户端与服务端关闭。不发送Connection:Close不意味着服务器承诺连接永远保持打开。
二,HttpURLConnection简介
在JDK的java.net包中已经提供了访问HTTP协议的基本功能的类:HttpURLConnection。
HttpURLConnection是Java的标准类,它继承自URLConnection,可用于向指定网站发送GET请求、POST请求。它在URLConnection的基础上提供了如下便捷的方法:
int getResponseCode(); // 获取服务器的响应代码。
String getResponseMessage(); // 获取服务器的响应消息。
String getResponseMethod(); // 获取发送请求的方法。
void setRequestMethod(String method); // 设置发送请求的方法。
- HttpURLConnection对象不能直接构造,需要通过URL类中的openConnection()方法来获得。
- HttpURLConnection的connect()函数,实际上只是建立了一个与服务器的TCP连接,并没有实际发送HTTP请求。HTTP请求实际上直到我们获取服务器响应数据(如调用getInputStream()、getResponseCode()等方法)时才正式发送出去。
- 对HttpURLConnection对象的配置都需要在connect()方法执行之前完成。
- HttpURLConnection是基于HTTP协议的,其底层通过socket通信实现。如果不设置超时(timeout),在网络异常的情况下,可能会导致程序僵死而不继续往下执行。
- HTTP正文的内容是通过OutputStream流写入的, 向流中写入的数据不会立即发送到网络,而是存在于内存缓冲区中,待流关闭时,根据写入的内容生成HTTP正文。
- 调用getInputStream()方法时,返回一个输入流,用于从中读取服务器对于HTTP请求的返回信息。
- 我们可以使用HttpURLConnection.connect()方法手动的发送一个HTTP请求,但是如果要获取HTTP响应的时候,请求就会自动的发起,比如我们使用HttpURLConnection.getInputStream()方法的时候,所以完全没有必要调用connect()方法。
HttpURLConnection工具类封装:
package com.example.demohttp.httpurlconnection;
import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @Date: 2021/12/1 4:39 下午
*/
public class HttpUrlConnectionUtils
private static int DEFAULT_READTIME = 30000;
private static int DEFAULT_CONNECTTIME = 30000;
private static String READTIME_KEY = "readTime";
private static String CONNECTTIME_KEY = "connectTime";
/**
* Send a get request
* @param url
* @return response
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String get(String url) throws IOException
return get(url, null);
/**
* Send a get request
* @param url Url as string
* @param headers Optional map with headers
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String get(String url,
Map<String, String> headers) throws IOException
return fetch("GET", url, null, headers);
/**
* Send a post request
* @param url Url as string
* @param body Request body as string
* @param headers Optional map with headers
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String post(String url, String body,
Map<String, String> headers) throws IOException
return fetch("POST", url, body, headers);
/**
* Send a post request
* @param url Url as string
* @param body Request body as string
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String post(String url, String body) throws IOException
return post(url, body, null);
/**
* Post a form with parameters
* @param url Url as string
* @param params map with parameters/values
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String postForm(String url, Map<String, String> params)
throws IOException
return postForm(url, params, null);
/**
* Post a form with parameters
* @param url Url as string
* @param params Map with parameters/values
* @param headers Optional map with headers
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String postForm(String url, Map<String, String> params,
Map<String, String> headers) throws IOException
// set content type
if (headers == null)
headers = new HashMap<String, String>();
if (StringUtils.isBlank(headers.get("Content-Type")))
headers.put("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
// parse parameters
String body = "";
if (params != null)
boolean first = true;
for (String param : params.keySet())
if (first)
first = false;
else
body += "&";
String value = params.get(param);
body += URLEncoder.encode(param, "UTF-8") + "=";
body += URLEncoder.encode(value, "UTF-8");
return post(url, body, headers);
/**
* Send a put request
* @param url Url as string
* @param body Request body as string
* @param headers Optional map with headers
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String put(String url, String body,
Map<String, String> headers) throws IOException
return fetch("PUT", url, body, headers);
/**
* Send a put request
* @param url Url as string
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String put(String url, String body) throws IOException
return put(url, body, null);
/**
* Send a delete request
* @param url Url as string
* @param headers Optional map with headers
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String delete(String url,
Map<String, String> headers) throws IOException
return fetch("DELETE", url, null, headers);
/**
* Send a delete request
* @param url Url as string
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String delete(String url) throws IOException
return delete(url, null);
/**
* Append query parameters to given url
* @param url Url as string
* @param params Map with query parameters
* @return url Url with query parameters appended
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String appendQueryParams(String url,
Map<String, String> params) throws IOException
String fullUrl = url;
if (params != null)
boolean first = (fullUrl.indexOf('?') == -1);
for (String param : params.keySet())
if (first)
fullUrl += '?';
first = false;
else
fullUrl += '&';
String value = params.get(param);
fullUrl += URLEncoder.encode(param, "UTF-8") + '=';
fullUrl += URLEncoder.encode(value, "UTF-8");
return fullUrl;
/**
* Retrieve the query parameters from given url
* @param url Url containing query parameters
* @return params Map with query parameters
* @throws IOException
*/
static public Map<String, String> getQueryParams(String url)
throws IOException
Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
int start = url.indexOf('?');
while (start != -1)
// read parameter name
int equals = url.indexOf('=', start);
String param = "";
if (equals != -1)
param = url.substring(start + 1, equals);
else
param = url.substring(start + 1);
// read parameter value
String value = "";
if (equals != -1)
start = url.indexOf('&', equals);
if (start != -1)
value = url.substring(equals + 1, start);
else
value = url.substring(equals + 1);
params.put(URLDecoder.decode(param, "UTF-8"),
URLDecoder.decode(value, "UTF-8"));
return params;
/**
* Returns the url without query parameters
* @param url Url containing query parameters
* @return url Url without query parameters
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String removeQueryParams(String url)
throws IOException
int q = url.indexOf('?');
if (q != -1)
return url.substring(0, q);
else
return url;
/**
* Send a request
* @param method HTTP method, for example "GET" or "POST"
* @param url Url as string
* @param body Request body as string
* @param headers Optional map with headers
* @return response Response as string
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String fetch(String method, String url, String body,
Map<String, String> headers) throws IOException
// connection
URL u = new URL(url);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) u.openConnection();
conn.setConnectTimeout(DEFAULT_CONNECTTIME);
conn.setReadTimeout(DEFAULT_READTIME);
// method
if (method != null)
conn.setRequestMethod(method);
// headers
if (headers != null)
for (String key : headers.keySet())
if (READTIME_KEY.equals(key))
conn.setReadTimeout(Integer.parseInt(headers.get(key)));
continue;
if (CONNECTTIME_KEY.equals(key))
conn.setConnectTimeout(Integer.parseInt(headers.get(key)));
continue;
conn.addRequestProperty(key, headers.get(key));
// body
if (body != null)
conn.setDoOutput(true);
OutputStream os = conn.getOutputStream();
os.write(body.getBytes());
os.flush();
os.close();
// response
InputStream is = null;
if (conn.getResponseCode() >= 400)
is = conn.getErrorStream();
else
is = conn.getInputStream();
String response = streamToString(is);
is.close();
// handle redirects
if (conn.getResponseCode() == 301)
String location = conn.getHeaderField("Location");
return fetch(method, location, body, headers);
return response;
/**
* Read an input stream into a string
* @param in
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
static public String streamToString(InputStream in) throws IOException
StringBuffer out = new StringBuffer();
byte[] b = new byte[4096];
for (int n; (n = in.read(b)) != -1; )
out.append(new String(b, 0, n));
return out.toString();
三,HttpClient简介
HttpClient是Apache开源组织提供的它是一个简单的HTTP客户端,不是浏览器,用于发送HTTP请求,接收HTTP响应。但不会缓存服务器的响应。它只是关注于如何发送请求、接收响应,以及管理HTTP连接。
HttpClient相比较来说简化了HttpURLConnection对象对Session、Cookie的处理。
可以说HttpClient就是一个增强版的HttpURLConnection,HttpClient可以做HttpURLConnection对象所有能做的事。
HttpClien中使用了连接池来管理持有连接,同一条TCP链路上,连接是可以复用的。HttpClient通过连接池的方式进行连接持久化。
HttpClient链接池的实现:
- 当有连接第一次使用的时候建立连接。
- 结束时对应连接不关闭,归还到池中。
- 下次同个目的的连接可从池中获取一个可用连接。
- 定期清理过期连接。
HttpClient连接池工具类封装
导入
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5.13</version>
</dependency>
HttpClient工具类:
public class HttpClientUtil
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HttpClientUtil.class);
private volatile static CloseableHttpClient httpClient;
private HttpClientUtil()
private static CloseableHttpClient getHttpClient()
if (httpClient == null)
synchronized (HttpClientUtil.class)
if (httpClient == null)
httpClient = HttpPoolConManager.getClient();
return httpClient;
/**
* 自定义配置方式初使化httpclient
* 此方法在一个应用系统里面,只需要执行一次。
* 应用程序自行控制。
* @param config
*/
public static void config(HttpClientConfig config)
if (httpClient != null)
logger.warn("http client already init ! ");
httpClient = HttpPoolConManager.getClient(configjava 通过HTTP请求模拟登陆,获取不到cookie,高手帮忙看一下,代码如下