Swift VS Kotlin
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参考技术A Swift和Kotlin作为更加"现代化"的语言,毫无疑问提升了开发原生app的效率,二者旨在与Objective-C和Java互操作,方便"旧"应用的开发进行更新,如果你要从零开始编写一个全新的应用,不要犹豫,选择使用它们,尽情享受它们带来的乐趣。这两个语言有着许多相似之处,让我们来"欣赏"一下吧:Kotlin有一个称为数据类的东西,该类在编译时将获得诸如hashCode(),toString()和copy()等方法。可以这样定义:
Swift没有数据类或任何等效类。
Swift具有元组功能,并且可以为元组设定类型别名;
Kotlin具有Pair和Triple工具类,用于呈现2元和3元组对象,并且可以通过data class模拟自定义元组。
Swift Struct和Class之间的区别在于,结构体是值类型,而类是引用类型。可将元组视为隐式定义的Struct:
Kotlin没有Struct类型。但是,我们可以通过copy函数创建一个新引用:
我们可以使用Kotlin数据类和Swift结构体来保存数据。即使一个是引用类型,另一个是值类型。
Swift和Kotlin都有枚举。但是声明和匹配方式有很大的区别:
Kotlint通过密封类可以实现枚举。Kotlin的Sealed Class和Swift的Enum之间的唯一区别是,密封类是引用类型,而Swift的Enum是值类型:
Swift还具有隐式解包功能,它定义了一个可选内容,但告诉编译器可以展开该内容,因为后面它将会被值。Kotlin也可以通过lateinit关键字执行相同的操作。需要注意的是,作为开发人员,应尽可能避免使用隐式解包方式。
协议和接口有相同的功能,只是使用了不同的术语。它们定义了一个类在实现接口时必须遵循的一组函数/变量。Kotlin允许在接口的定义中使用泛型,而Swift则可以通过定义关联类型associatedtype来实现。
高阶函数本质上是接受闭包或函数作为参数并返回新值或另一个函数的函数。使用高阶函数,我们可以对值(例如数组)进行转换,过滤和迭代。
参考:
Swift 就像 Kotlin?看看 Swift 与 Kotlin 的简单对比
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一位国外的程序员认为 Swift 的语法与 Kotlin 相似,并整理了一些 Swift 和 Kotlin 的对比,下面是一些例子,大家不妨也看看。
BASICS
Hello World
Swift
print("Hello, world!")
Kotlin
println("Hello, world!")
变量和常量
Swift
var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42
Kotlin
var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
val myConstant = 42
显式类型
Swift
let explicitDouble: Double = 70
Kotlin
val explicitDouble: Double = 70.0
强制类型转换
Swift
let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let widthLabel = label + String(width)
Kotlin
val label = "The width is "
val width = 94
val widthLabel = label + width
字符串插值
Swift
let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let fruitSummary = "I have (apples + oranges) " +
"pieces of fruit."
Kotlin
val apples = 3
val oranges = 5
val fruitSummary = "I have ${apples + oranges} " +
"pieces of fruit."
范围操作符
Swift
let names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]
let count = names.count
for i in 0..
Kotlin
val names = arrayOf("Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack")
val count = names.count()
for (i in 0..count - 1) {
println("Person ${i + 1} is called ${names[i]}")
}
// Person 1 is called Anna
// Person 2 is called Alex
// Person 3 is called Brian
// Person 4 is called Jack
包罗广泛的范围操作符(Inclusive Range Operator)
Swift
for index in 1...5 {
print("(index) times 5 is (index * 5)")
}
// 1 times 5 is 5
// 2 times 5 is 10
// 3 times 5 is 15
// 4 times 5 is 20
// 5 times 5 is 25
Kotlin
for (index in 1..5) {
println("$index times 5 is ${index * 5}")
}
// 1 times 5 is 5
// 2 times 5 is 10
// 3 times 5 is 15
// 4 times 5 is 20
// 5 times 5 is 25
BASICS
数组
Swift
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water",
"tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
Kotlin
val shoppingList = arrayOf("catfish", "water",
"tulips", "blue paint")
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
映射
Swift
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
Kotlin
val occupations = mutableMapOf(
"Malcolm" to "Captain",
"Kaylee" to "Mechanic"
)
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
空集合
Swift
let emptyArray = [String]()
let emptyDictionary = [String: Float]()
Kotlin
val emptyArray = arrayOf()
val emptyMap = mapOf()
FUNCTIONS
函数
Swift
func greet(_ name: String,_ day: String) -> String {
return "Hello (name), today is (day)."
}
greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
Kotlin
fun greet(name: String, day: String): String {
return "Hello $name, today is $day."
}
greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
元组返回
Swift
func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
}
Kotlin
data class GasPrices(val a: Double, val b: Double,
val c: Double)
fun getGasPrices() = GasPrices(3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
参数的变量数目(Variable Number Of Arguments)
Swift
func sumOf(_ numbers: Int...) -> Int {
var sum = 0
for number in numbers {
sum += number
}
return sum
}
sumOf(42, 597, 12)
Kotlin
fun sumOf(vararg numbers: Int): Int {
var sum = 0
for (number in numbers) {
sum += number
}
return sum
}
sumOf(42, 597, 12)
// sumOf() can also be written in a shorter way:
fun sumOf(vararg numbers: Int) = numbers.sum()
函数类型
Swift
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
let increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)
Kotlin
fun makeIncrementer(): (Int) -> Int {
val addOne = fun(number: Int): Int {
return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
val increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)
// makeIncrementer can also be written in a shorter way:
fun makeIncrementer() = fun(number: Int) = 1 + number
映射
Swift
let numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
numbers.map { 3 * $0 }
Kotlin
val numbers = listOf(20, 19, 7, 12)
numbers.map { 3 * it }
排序
Swift
var mutableArray = [1, 5, 3, 12, 2]
mutableArray.sort()
Kotlin
listOf(1, 5, 3, 12, 2).sorted()
命名参数
Swift
func area(width: Int, height: Int) -> Int {
return width * height
}
area(width: 2, height: 3)
Kotlin
fun area(width: Int, height: Int) = width * height
area(width = 2, height = 3)
// This is also possible with named arguments
area(2, height = 2)
area(height = 3, width = 2)
CLASSES
声明
Swift
class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with (numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
Kotlin
class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
fun simpleDescription() =
"A shape with $numberOfSides sides."
}
用法
Swift
var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
Kotlin
var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
子类
Swift
class NamedShape {
var numberOfSides: Int = 0
let name: String
init(name: String) {
self.name = name
}
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with (numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
class Square: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
self.numberOfSides = 4
}
func area() -> Double {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A square with sides of length " +
sideLength + "."
}
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()
Kotlin
open class NamedShape(val name: String) {
var numberOfSides = 0
open fun simpleDescription() =
"A shape with $numberOfSides sides."
}
class Square(var sideLength: BigDecimal, name: String) :
NamedShape(name) {
init {
numberOfSides = 4
}
fun area() = sideLength.pow(2)
override fun simpleDescription() =
"A square with sides of length $sideLength."
}
val test = Square(BigDecimal("5.2"), "square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()
类型检查
Swift
var movieCount = 0
var songCount = 0
for item in library {
if item is Movie {
movieCount += 1
} else if item is Song {
songCount += 1
}
}
Kotlin
var movieCount = 0
var songCount = 0
for (item in library) {
if (item is Movie) {
++movieCount
} else if (item is Song) {
++songCount
}
}
模式匹配
Swift
let nb = 42
switch nb {
case 0...7, 8, 9: print("single digit")
case 10: print("double digits")
case 11...99: print("double digits")
case 100...999: print("triple digits")
default: print("four or more digits")
}
Kotlin
val nb = 42
when (nb) {
in 0..7, 8, 9 -> println("single digit")
10 -> println("double digits")
in 11..99 -> println("double digits")
in 100..999 -> println("triple digits")
else -> println("four or more digits")
}
类型向下转换
Swift
for current in someObjects {
if let movie = current as? Movie {
print("Movie: '(movie.name)', " +
"dir. (movie.director)")
}
}
Kotlin
for (current in someObjects) {
if (current is Movie) {
println("Movie: '${current.name}', " +
"dir. ${current.director}")
}
}
协议
Swift
protocol Nameable {
func name() -> String
}
func f(x: T) {
print("Name is " + x.name())
}
Kotlin
interface Nameable {
fun name(): String
}
fun f(x: T) {
println("Name is " + x.name())
}
扩展
Swift
extension Double {
var km: Double { return self * 1_000.0 }
var m: Double { return self }
var cm: Double { return self / 100.0 }
var mm: Double { return self / 1_000.0 }
var ft: Double { return self / 3.28084 }
}
let oneInch = 25.4.mm
print("One inch is (oneInch) meters")
// prints "One inch is 0.0254 meters"
let threeFeet = 3.ft
print("Three feet is (threeFeet) meters")
// prints "Three feet is 0.914399970739201 meters"
Kotlin
val Double.km: Double get() = this * 1000
val Double.m: Double get() = this
val Double.cm: Double get() = this / 100
val Double.mm: Double get() = this / 1000
val Double.ft: Double get() = this / 3.28084
val oneInch = 25.4.mm
println("One inch is $oneInch meters")
// prints "One inch is 0.0254 meters"
val threeFeet = 3.0.ft
println("Three feet is $threeFeet meters")
// prints "Three feet is 0.914399970739201 meters"
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