[ 阅读 ] 句子插入题
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Paragraph 5
Determining the age of the universe has been more complicated. Most stars in the universe are clustered into enormous disk-like galaxies. The distance between our galaxy, known as the Milky Way, and all others is increasing. In fact, all galaxies are moving away from one another, evidence that the universe is expanding. It is not the galaxies themselves that are expanding but the space between them. What is happening is analogous to inflating a balloon with small coins attached to its surface. The coins behave like galaxies: although they do not expand, the space between them does. Before the galaxies formed, matter that they contain was concentrated with infinite density at a single point from which it exploded in an event called the big bang. Even after it assembled into galaxies, matter continued to spread in all directions from the site of the big bang.
7. Why does the author refer to “inflating a balloon with small coins attached to its surface”?
A. To help explain how the universe can expand while the galaxies remain the same size
B. To imply that the universe must eventually stop expanding
C. To support the statement that most stars are found in disk-shaped galaxies
D. To help explain how the universe began as a single point of dense matter
Islamic Art and the Book
Paragraph 1
The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks(markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and sighed by the calligrapher and decorator.
5. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ Mosque?
○ To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common people
○ To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular prince
○ To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets were
○ To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic lands
Paragraph 3
The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books. Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets---as much as a meter across---were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances, from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.
9. Why does the author include the following information: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets---as much as a meter across---were available.”?
A. To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slow
B. To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become today
C. To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complex
D. To prove that paper was more popular with artists, who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets.
Energy and the Industrial Revolution
Paragraph 1
For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power, known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.
1. Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”?
○ To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century
○ To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain
○ To indicate that Britain’s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel
○ To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century
2. What was “the problem of energy” that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?
○ Water and wind could not be used efficiently
○ There was no efficient way to power machinery
○ Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply
○ Neither humans nor animal were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application
[ 句子插入题 ]
[ 题型识别 ]
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The cheeping provides important information to the parent, but it could also attract the attention of others.
Where would the sentence best fit?
[ 笔记格式 ]
① 定位：题干主干 + 具体内容 -- 找原文与之相似的句子(定位句)
② 位置：根据 ... 放前 / 后
[ 题型方法 ]
-定位：题干主干 + 具体内容 -- 找原文与之相似的句子(定位句)
① 句子主干信息 (具体)
② 主干为抽象内容，选用其他成分的具体内容来定位
-位置：
指代关系：代词，the + 名词，指代前文内容，放到定位句后
① 正向：题干出现代词
② 逆向：原文句子出现代词
段落结构：[ 总分 ]
题干句子
① 总：句子较短，抽象概括，放到定位句前
② 分：句子较长，具体细节 (包含 for example)，放到定位句后
逻辑经验：
题干句子中出现 However / therefore / further / additional / At the same time / And / then / again 等逻辑词，表示题干句子与原文前句内容有密切联系，放到定位句后
Begging by Nestlings
Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. ■A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. ■These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. ■In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials. ■
3. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 句内转折，代表本句为段内分⽔岭（过渡句）。前半句对应前句话，后半句对应后⼀句。
The cheeping provides important information to the parent, but it could also attract the attention of others.
Where would the sentence best fit?
定位：the parent a parent
位置：the放后，B
Which Hand Did They Use?
We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? ■Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. ■When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. ■Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. ■Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.
4. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Children and Advertising
■Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. ■Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. ■In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. ■Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations. 总 分
10. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy. 总
Where would the sentence best fit?
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