《ASP.NET Core 6框架揭秘》实例演示[28]:自定义一个服务器
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作为ASP.NET Core请求处理管道的“龙头”的服务器负责监听和接收请求并最终完成对请求的响应。它将原始的请求上下文描述为相应的特性(Feature),并以此将HttpContext上下文创建出来,中间件针对HttpContext上下文的所有操作将借助于这些特性转移到原始的请求上下文上。学习ASP.NET Core框架最有效的方式就是按照它的原理“再造”一个框架,了解服务器的本质最好的手段就是试着自定义一个服务器。现在我们自定义一个真正的服务器。在此之前,我们再来回顾一下表示服务器的IServer接口。[本文节选《ASP.NET Core 6框架揭秘》第18章]
一、IServer
二、请求和响应特性
三、StreamBodyFeature
四、HttpListenerServer
一、IServer
作为服务器的IServer对象利用如下所示的Features属性提供了与自身相关的特性。除了利用StartAsync<TContext>和StopAsync方法启动和关闭服务器之外,它还实现了IDisposable接口,资源的释放工作可以通过实现的Dispose方法来完成。StartAsync<TContext>方法将IHttpApplication<TContext>类型的参数作为处理请求的“应用”,该对象是对中间件管道的封装。从这个意义上讲,服务器就是传输层和这个IHttpApplication<TContext>对象之间的“中介”。
public interface IServer : IDisposable
IFeatureCollection Features get;
Task StartAsync<TContext>(
IHttpApplication<TContext> application,
CancellationToken cancellationToken) where TContext : notnull;
Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
虽然不同服务器类型的定义方式千差万别,但是背后的模式基本上与下面这个以伪代码定义的服务器类型一致。如下这个Server利用IListener对象来监听和接收请求,该对象是利用构造函数中注入的IListenerFactory工厂根据指定的监听地址创建出来的。StartAsync<TContext>方法从Features特性集合中提取出IServerAddressesFeature特性,并针对它提供的每个监听地址创建一个IListener对象。该方法为每个IListener对象开启一个“接收和处理请求”的循环,循环中的每次迭代都会调用IListener对象的AcceptAsync方法来接收请求,我们利用RequestContext对象来表示请求上下文。
public class Server : IServer
private readonly IListenerFactory _listenerFactory;
private readonly List<IListener> _listeners = new();
public IFeatureCollection Features get;
= new FeatureCollection();
public Server(IListenerFactory listenerFactory)
=> _listenerFactory = listenerFactory;
public async Task StartAsync<TContext>(
IHttpApplication<TContext> application,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
where TContext : notnull
var addressFeature = Features
.Get<IServerAddressesFeature>()!;
foreach (var address in addressFeature.Addresses)
var listener = await _listenerFactory
.BindAsync(address);
_listeners.Add(listener);
_ = StartAcceptLoopAsync(listener);
async Task StartAcceptLoopAsync(IListener listener)
while (true)
var requestContext = await listener.AcceptAsync();
_ = ProcessRequestAsync(requestContext);
async Task ProcessRequestAsync(RequestContext requestContext)
var feature = new RequestContextFeature(requestContext);
var contextFeatures = new FeatureCollection();
contextFeatures.Set<IHttpRequestFeature>(feature);
contextFeatures.Set<IHttpResponseFeature>(feature);
contextFeatures.Set<IHttpResponseBodyFeature>(feature);
var context = application.CreateContext(contextFeatures);
Exception? exception = null;
try
await application.ProcessRequestAsync(context);
catch (Exception ex)
exception = ex;
finally
application.DisposeContext(context, exception);
public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
=> Task.WhenAll(_listeners.Select(
listener => listener.StopAsync()));
public void Dispose()
=> _listeners.ForEach(
listener => listener.Dispose());
public interface IListenerFactory
Task<IListener> BindAsync(string listenAddress);
public interface IListener : IDisposable
Task<RequestContext> AcceptAsync();
Task StopAsync();
public class RequestContext
...
public class RequestContextFeature
: IHttpRequestFeature,
IHttpResponseFeature,
IHttpResponseBodyFeature
public RequestContextFeature(RequestContext requestContext);
...
StartAsync<TContext>方法接下来利用此RequestContext上下文将RequestContextFeature特性创建出来。RequestContextFeature特性类型同时实现了IHttpRequestFeature, IHttpResponseFeature和 IHttpResponseBodyFeature这三个核心接口,我们特性针对这三个接口将特性对象添加到创建的FeatureCollection集合中。特性集合随后作为参数调用IHttpApplication<TContext>的CreateContext方法将TContext上下文创建出来,后者将进一步作为参数调用另一个ProcessRequestAsync方法将请求分发给中间件管道进行处理。待处理结束,IHttpApplication<TContext>对象的DisposeContext方法被调用,创建的TContext上下文承载的资源得以释放。
二、请求和响应特性
接下来我们将采用类似的模式来定义一个基于HttpListener的服务器。提供的HttpListenerServer的思路就是利用自定义特性来封装表示原始请求上下文的HttpListenerContext对象,我们使用HttpRequestFeature和HttpResponseFeature这个两个现成特性。
public class HttpRequestFeature
: IHttpRequestFeature
public string Protocol get; set;
public string Scheme get; set;
public string Method get; set;
public string PathBase get; set;
public string Path get; set;
public string QueryString get; set;
public string RawTarget get; set;
public IHeaderDictionary Headers get; set;
public Stream Body get; set;
public class HttpResponseFeature
: IHttpResponseFeature
public int StatusCode get; set;
public string? ReasonPhrase get; set;
public IHeaderDictionary Headers get; set;
public Stream Body get; set;
public virtual bool HasStarted => false;
public HttpResponseFeature()
StatusCode = 200;
Headers = new HeaderDictionary();
Body = Stream.Null;
public virtual void OnStarting(
Func<object, Task> callback, object state)
public virtual void OnCompleted(
Func<object, Task> callback, object state)
如果我们使用HttpRequestFeature来描述请求,意味着HttpListener在接受到请求之后需要将请求信息从HttpListenerContext上下文转移到该特性上。如果使用HttpResponseFeature来描述响应,待中间件管道在完成针对请求的处理后,我们还需要将该特性承载的响应数据应用到HttpListenerContext上下文上。
三、StreamBodyFeature
现在我们有了描述请求和响应的两个特性,还需要一个描述响应主体的特性,为此我们定义了如下这个StreamBodyFeature特性类型。StreamBodyFeature直接使用构造函数提供的Stream对象作为响应主体的输出流,并根据该对象创建出Writer属性返回的PipeWriter对象。本着“一切从简”的原则,我们并没有实现用来发送文件的SendFileAsync方法,其他成员也采用最简单的方式进行了实现。
public class StreamBodyFeature
: IHttpResponseBodyFeature
public Stream Stream get;
public PipeWriter Writer get;
public StreamBodyFeature(Stream stream)
Stream = stream;
Writer = PipeWriter.Create(Stream);
public Task CompleteAsync()
=> Task.CompletedTask;
public void DisableBuffering()
public Task SendFileAsync(
string path, long offset, long? count,
CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
=> throw new NotImplementedException();
public Task StartAsync(
CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
=> Task.CompletedTask;
四、HttpListenerServer
在如下这个自定义的HttpListenerServer服务器类型中,与传输层交互的HttpListener体现在_listener字段上。服务器在初始化过程中,它的Features属性返回的IFeatureCollection对象中添加了一个ServerAddressesFeature特性,因为我们需要用它来存放注册的监听地址。实现StartAsync<TContext>方法将监听地址从这个特性中取出来应用到HttpListener对象上。
public class HttpListenerServer : IServer
private readonly HttpListener _listener = new();
public IFeatureCollection Features get;
= new FeatureCollection();
public HttpListenerServer()
=> Features.Set<IServerAddressesFeature>(
new ServerAddressesFeature());
public Task StartAsync<TContext>(
IHttpApplication<TContext> application,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
where TContext : notnull
var pathbases = new HashSet<string>(
StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
var addressesFeature = Features .Get<IServerAddressesFeature>()!;
foreach (string address in addressesFeature.Addresses)
_listener.Prefixes.Add(address.TrimEnd('/') + "/");
pathbases.Add(new Uri(address)
.AbsolutePath.TrimEnd('/'));
_listener.Start();
while (true)
var listenerContext = _listener.GetContext();
_ = ProcessRequestAsync(listenerContext);
async Task ProcessRequestAsync(
HttpListenerContext listenerContext)
FeatureCollection features = new();
var requestFeature = CreateRequestFeature(
pathbases, listenerContext);
var responseFeature = new HttpResponseFeature();
var body = new MemoryStream();
var bodyFeature = new StreamBodyFeature(body);
features.Set<IHttpRequestFeature>(requestFeature);
features.Set<IHttpResponseFeature>(responseFeature);
features.Set<IHttpResponseBodyFeature>(bodyFeature);
var context = application.CreateContext(features);
Exception? exception = null;
try
await application.ProcessRequestAsync(context);
var response = listenerContext.Response;
response.StatusCode = responseFeature.StatusCode;
if (responseFeature.ReasonPhrase is not null)
response.StatusDescription
= responseFeature.ReasonPhrase;
foreach (var kv in responseFeature.Headers)
response.AddHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
body.Position = 0;
await body.CopyToAsync(
listenerContext.Response.OutputStream);
catch (Exception ex)
exception = ex;
finally
body.Dispose();
application.DisposeContext(context, exception);
listenerContext.Response.Close();
public void Dispose() => _listener.Stop();
private static HttpRequestFeature CreateRequestFeature(
HashSet<string> pathbases,
HttpListenerContext listenerContext)
var request = listenerContext.Request;
var url = request.Url!;
var absolutePath = url.AbsolutePath;
var protocolVersion = request.ProtocolVersion;
var requestHeaders = new HeaderDictionary();
foreach (string key in request.Headers)
requestHeaders.Add(
key, request.Headers.GetValues(key));
var requestFeature = new HttpRequestFeature
Body = request.InputStream,
Headers = requestHeaders,
Method = request.HttpMethod,
QueryString = url.Query,
Scheme = url.Scheme,
Protocol = $"url.Scheme.ToUpper()/protocolVersion.Major.protocolVersion.Minor"
;
var pathBase = pathbases.First(
it => absolutePath.StartsWith(
it, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
requestFeature.Path = absolutePath[pathBase.Length..];
requestFeature.PathBase = pathBase;
return requestFeature;
public Task StopAsync( CancellationToken cancellationToken)
_listener.Stop();
return Task.CompletedTask;
在调用Start方法将HttpListener启动后,StartAsync<TContext>方法开始“请求接收处理”循环。接收到的请求上下文被封装成HttpListenerContext上下文,其承载的请求信息利用CreateRequestFeature方法转移到创建的HttpRequestFeature特性上。StartAsync<TContext>方法创建的“空”HttpResponseFeature对象来描述响应,另一个描述响应主体的StreamBodyFeature特性则根据创建的MemoryStream对象构建而成,意味着中间件管道写入的响应主体的内容将暂存到这个内存流中。我们将这三个特性注册到创建的FeatureCollection集合上,并将后者作为参数调用了IHttpApplication<TContext>对象的CreateContext方法将TContext上下文创建出来。此上下文进一步作为参数调用了IHttpApplication<TContext>对象的ProcessRequestAsync方法,中间件管道得以接管请求。
待中间件管道的处理工作完成后,响应的内容还暂存在两个特性中,我们还需要将它们应用到代表原始HttpListenerContext上下文上。StartAsync<TContext>方法从HttpResponseFeature特性提取出响应状态码和响应报头转移到HttpListenerContext上下文上,然后上述这个MemoryStream对象“拷贝”到HttpListenerContext上下文承载的响应主体输出流中。
using App;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Server;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.Extensions;
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.Replace(
ServiceDescriptor.Singleton<IServer, HttpListenerServer>());
var app = builder.Build();
app.Run(context => context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World!"));
app.Run("http://localhost:5000/foobar/");
我们采用上面的演示程序来检测HttpListenerServer能否正常工作。我们为HttpListenerServer类型创建了一个ServiceDescriptor对象将现有的服务器的服务注册替换掉。在调用WebApplication对象的Run方法时显式指定了具有PathBase(“/foobar”)的监听地址“http://localhost:5000/foobar/”,如图1所示的浏览器以此地址访问应用,会得到我们希望的结果。
图1 HttpListenerServer返回的结果
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