Java 中 Future 的 get 方法超时会怎样?

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一、背景

很多 Java 工程师在准备面试时,会刷很多八股文,线程和线程池这一块通常会准备线程的状态、线程的创建方式,Executors 里面的一些工厂方法和为什么不推荐使用这些工厂方法,ThreadPoolExecutor 构造方法的一些参数和执行过程等。

工作中,很多人会使用线程池的 submit 方法 获取 Future 类型的返回值,然后使用 java.util.concurrent.Future#get(long, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit) 实现“最多等多久”的效果。

但很多人对此的理解只停留在表面上,稍微问深一点点可能就懵逼了。

比如,java.util.concurrent.Future#get(long, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit) 超时之后,当前线程会怎样?线程池里执行对应任务的线程会有怎样的表现?

如果你对这个问题没有很大的把握,说明你掌握的还不够扎实。

最常见的理解就是,“超时以后,当前线程继续执行,线程池里的对应线程中断”,真的是这样吗?

二、模拟

2.1 常见写法

下面给出一个简单的模拟案例:

package basic.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class FutureDemo 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException 

        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

        Future<?> future = executorService.submit(() -> 
            try 
                demo();
             catch (InterruptedException e) 
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            
        );

        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(threadName + "获取的结果 -- start");
        Object result = future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
        System.out.println(threadName + "获取的结果 -- end :" + result);

    

    private static String demo() throws InterruptedException 
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(threadName + ",执行 demo -- start");
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        System.out.println(threadName + ",执行 demo -- end");
        return "test";
    


输出结果:

main获取的结果 -- start
pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- start
Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:205)
	at basic.thread.FutureDemo.main(FutureDemo.java:20)
pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- end

我们可以发现:当前线程会因为收到 TimeoutException 而被中断,线程池里对应的线程“却”继续执行完毕。

2.2 尝试取消

我们尝试对未完成的线程进行取消,发现 Future#cancel 有个 boolean 类型的参数。

    /**
     * Attempts to cancel execution of this task.  This attempt will
     * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
     * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
     * and this task has not started when @code cancel is called,
     * this task should never run.  If the task has already started,
     * then the @code mayInterruptIfRunning parameter determines
     * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
     * an attempt to stop the task.
     *
     * <p>After this method returns, subsequent calls to @link #isDone will
     * always return @code true.  Subsequent calls to @link #isCancelled
     * will always return @code true if this method returned @code true.
     *
     * @param mayInterruptIfRunning @code true if the thread executing this
     * task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed
     * to complete
     * @return @code false if the task could not be cancelled,
     * typically because it has already completed normally;
     * @code true otherwise
     */
    boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);

看源码注释我们可以知道:

当设置为 true 时,正在执行的任务将被中断(interrupted);

当设置为 false 时,如果任务正在执行中,那么仍然允许任务执行完成。

2.2.1 cancel(false)

此时,为了不让主线程因为超时异常被中断,我们 try-catch 包起来。

package basic.thread;

import org.junit.platform.commons.util.ExceptionUtils;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class FutureDemo 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException 

        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

        Future<?> future = executorService.submit(() -> 
            try 
                demo();
             catch (InterruptedException e) 
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            
        );

        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- start");
        try 
            Object result = future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- end :" + result);
         catch (Exception e) 
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果异常:" + ExceptionUtils.readStackTrace(e));
        
        future.cancel(false);
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- cancel");
    

    private static String demo() throws InterruptedException 
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo -- start");
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo -- end");
        return "test";
    


结果:

1653751759233,main获取的结果 -- start
1653751759233,pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- start
1653751759343,main获取的结果异常:java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:205)
	at basic.thread.FutureDemo.main(FutureDemo.java:23)

1653751759351,main获取的结果 -- cancel
1653751760263,pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- end

我们发现,线程池里的对应线程在 cancel(false) 时,如果已经正在执行,则会继续执行完成。

2.2.2 cancel(true)

package basic.thread;

import org.junit.platform.commons.util.ExceptionUtils;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class FutureDemo 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException 

        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

        Future<?> future = executorService.submit(() -> 
            try 
                demo();
             catch (InterruptedException e) 
                System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", Interrupted:" + ExceptionUtils.readStackTrace(e));
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            
        );

        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- start");
        try 
            Object result = future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- end :" + result);
         catch (Exception e) 
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果异常:" + ExceptionUtils.readStackTrace(e));
        
        future.cancel(true);
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- cancel");
    

    private static String demo() throws InterruptedException 
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo -- start");
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo -- end");
        return "test";
    


执行结果:

1653752011246,main获取的结果 -- start
1653752011246,pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- start
1653752011347,main获取的结果异常:java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:205)
	at basic.thread.FutureDemo.main(FutureDemo.java:24)

1653752011363,pool-1-thread-1, Interrupted:java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted
	at java.lang.Thread.sleep(Native Method)
	at java.lang.Thread.sleep(Thread.java:340)
	at java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.sleep(TimeUnit.java:386)
	at basic.thread.FutureDemo.demo(FutureDemo.java:36)
	at basic.thread.FutureDemo.lambda$main$0(FutureDemo.java:14)
	at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511)
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

1653752011366,main获取的结果 -- cancel

可以看出,此时,如果目标线程未执行完,那么会收到 InterruptedException ,被中断。

当然,如果此时不希望目标线程被中断,可以使用 try-catch 包住,再执行其他逻辑。

package basic.thread;

import org.junit.platform.commons.util.ExceptionUtils;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class FutureDemo 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException 

        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

        Future<?> future = executorService.submit(() -> 
            demo();
        );

        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- start");
        try 
            Object result = future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- end :" + result);
         catch (Exception e) 
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果异常:" + ExceptionUtils.readStackTrace(e));
        
        future.cancel(true);
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + "获取的结果 -- cancel");
    

    private static String demo() 
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo -- start");
        try 
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
         catch (InterruptedException e) 
            System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo 被中断,自动降级");
        
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "," + threadName + ",执行 demo -- end");
        return "test";
    


执行结果:

1653752219803,main获取的结果 -- start
1653752219803,pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- start
1653752219908,main获取的结果异常:java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:205)
	at basic.thread.FutureDemo.main(FutureDemo.java:19)

1653752219913,main获取的结果 -- cancel
1653752219914,pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo 被中断,自动降级
1653752219914,pool-1-thread-1,执行 demo -- end

三、回归源码

我们直接看 java.util.concurrent.Future#get(long, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit) 的源码注释,就可以清楚地知道各种情况的表现:

    /**
     * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
     * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
     *
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @return the computed result
     * @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
     * @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
     * exception
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
     * while waiting
     * @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
     */
    V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;

我们还可以选取几个常见的实现类,查看下实现的基本思路:

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#get(long, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit)

   public V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException 
        if (unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int s = state;
        if (s <= COMPLETING &&
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