Kotlin语言(十二):Channel

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参考技术A

(1) Channel 翻译过来为通道或者管道,实际上就是个队列, 是一个面向多协程之间数据传输的 BlockQueue ,用于协程间通信;
(2) Channel 使用 send 和 receive 两个方法往管道里面写入和读取数据,这两个方法是非阻塞的挂起函数;
(3) Channel 是热流,不管有没有订阅者,上游都会发射数据。

(1)我们发现,这种方式,实际上是我们一直在等待读取 Channel 中的数据,只要有数据到了,就会被读取到;
(2)最后一行 Done! 没有打印出来,表示程序没有结束,一直处于等待读取数据的状态。

(1)调用 close 方法就像向通道发送了一个特殊的关闭指令,这个迭代停止,说明关闭指令已经被接收了;
(2)这里能够保证所有先前发送出去的元素都能在通道关闭前被接收到;
(3)调用了 close 会立即停止接受新元素, isClosedForSend 会立即返回 true ,而由于 Channel 缓冲区的存在,这时候可能还有一些元素没有被处理完,所以要等所有的元素都被读取之后 isClosedForReceive 才会返回 true 。

(1) Channel 是一个接口,它继承了 SendChannel 和 ReceiveChannel 两个接口

(2) SendChannel 提供了发射数据的功能,有如下重点接口:
  - send 是一个挂起函数,将指定的元素发送到此通道,在该通道的缓冲区已满或不存在时挂起调用者。如果通道已经关闭,调用发送时会抛出异常;
  - trySend 如果不违反其容量限制,则立即将指定元素添加到此通道,并返回成功。否则,返回失败或关闭;
  - close 关闭通道;
  - isClosedForSend 判断通道是否已经关闭,如果关闭,调用 send 会引发异常。

(3) ReceiveChannel 提供了接收数据的功能,有如下重点接口:
   - receive 如果此通道不为空,则从中检索并删除元素;如果通道为空,则挂起调用者;如果通道未接收而关闭,则引发 ClosedReceiveChannel 异常;
   - tryReceive 如果此通道不为空,则从中检索并删除元素,返回成功结果;如果通道为空,则返回失败结果;如果通道关闭,则返回关闭结果;
   - receiveCatching 如果此通道不为空,则从中检索并删除元素,返回成功结果;如果通道为空,则返回失败结果;如果通道关闭,则返回关闭的原因;
   - isEmpty 判断通道是否为空;
   - isClosedForReceive 判断通道是否已经关闭,如果关闭,调用 receive 会引发异常;
   - cancel(cause: CancellationException? = null) 以可选原因取消接收此频道的剩余元素,此函数用于关闭通道并从中删除所有缓冲发送的元素;
   - iterator() 返回通道的迭代器。

(4)创建不同类型的 Channel
   - Rendezvous channel 0尺寸 buffer (默认类型)
   - Unlimited channel 无限元素, send 不被挂起
   - Buffered channel 指定大小, 满了之后 send 挂起
   - Conflated channel 新元素会覆盖旧元素, receiver 只会得到最新元素, send 永不挂起


(1)通过 produce 这个方法启动一个生产者协程,并返回一个 ReceiveChannel ,其他协程就可以拿着这个 Channel 来接收数据了;
(2)通过 actor 可以用来构建一个消费者协程,并返回一个 SendChannel ,其他协程就可以拿着这个 Channel 来发送数据了。

(1) BroadcastChannel 被标记为过时了,请使用 SharedFlow 和 StateFlow 替代它;
(2)1中例子提到一对多的情形,从数据处理本身来讲,有多个接收端的时候,同一个元素只会被一个接收端读到;而 BroadcastChannel 则不然,多个接收端不存在互斥现象。

使用 broadcast() 扩展函数可以将 Channel 转换成 BroadcastChannel

Kotlin协程-Channel基础

一、Channel——管道

1.创建Channel

Channel 是一个管道。Channel分为接收方和发送方,发送方发送数据,接收方接收数据。

fun main() 
    runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>()

        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:$it")
            
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Receive:$i")
            
        

        printCoroutine("End!")
    



Log:
End!;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Channel Receive:1;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Receive:2;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2

通过Log可以发现@coroutine#3接收、@coroutine#2发送。Channel可以跨越不同的协程进行通信。在 @coroutine#1当中创建的 Channel,然后分别在 @coroutine#2、@coroutine#3 当中使用 Channel 来传递数据。

可以发现:上面的例子中通过泛型设置Channel中传递的数据类型是Int,又在协程中调用send方法,把数据发送到管道里。send是一个挂起函数。通过for循环遍历Channel,取出数据。最重要的是程序在输出完所有的结果后,程序仍处于运行状态。

2.关闭Channel

可以通过调用close方法关闭Channel,Channel需要用户手动关闭。

runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>()

        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:$it")
            

            channel.close()
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Receive:$i")
            
        
        printCoroutine("End!")
    

Log:
End!;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Channel Receive:1;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Receive:2;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2

3.Channel源码

public fun <E> Channel(
    capacity: Int = RENDEZVOUS,
    onBufferOverflow: BufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.SUSPEND,
    onUndeliveredElement: ((E) -> Unit)? = null
): Channel<E> 

可以发现Channel是一个普通函数,带有一个泛型参数E,有三个参数:

  • capacity:指管道容量。默认值为:RENDEZVOUS,此时Channel的容量为0。
  public const val RENDEZVOUS: Int = 0

 capacity的其他取值:

1.无限容量。

public const val UNLIMITED: Int = Int.MAX_VALUE

2.容量为 1,老数据会被新数据替代。

   public const val CONFLATED: Int = -1

3.具备一定的缓存容量,默认情况下是 64,具体容量由这个 VM 参数决定 "kotlinx.coroutines.channels.defaultBuffer"

public const val BUFFERED: Int = -2

  • onBufferOverflow:用来处理当管道的容量满时,Channel的策略。
public enum class BufferOverflow 
    /**
     * Suspend on buffer overflow.
     */
    SUSPEND,

    /**
     * Drop **the oldest** value in the buffer on overflow, add the new value to the buffer, do not suspend.
     */
    DROP_OLDEST,

    /**
     * Drop **the latest** value that is being added to the buffer right now on buffer overflow
     * (so that buffer contents stay the same), do not suspend.
     */
    DROP_LATEST

1.SUSPEND,当管道容量已满,发送方仍然发送数据,就会挂起当前send方法。(发送流程就被挂起了),等管道中有空闲位置后再恢复。

2.DROP_OLDEST:丢弃最旧的数据,发送方发送新的数据。

3.DROP_LATEST:丢弃最新的数据(即将发送的数据),管道中内容保持不变。

  • onUndeliveredElement:异常处理回调,当管道中某些数据没有被成功接收的时候,这个回调就会被调用。

4.capacity使用

  • capacity = UNLIMITED
  runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>(capacity = Channel.Factory.UNLIMITED)
        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:$it")
            
            channel.close()
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Receive:$i")
            
        
        printCoroutine("End!")
    

Log:
End!;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Channel Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Receive:1;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Receive:2;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3

 从上面的代码可以发现,当在创建Channel的时候,设置了 capacity = Channel.Factory.UNLIMITED。对于发送方来说,由于 Channel 的容量是无限大的,所以发送方可以一直往管道当中塞入数据,等数据都塞完以后,接收方才开始接收。

  •  capacity = CONFLATED
   runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>(capacity = Channel.Factory.CONFLATED)
        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:$it")
            
            channel.close()
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Receive:$i")
            
        
    

Log:
Channel Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3

当设置 capacity = CONFLATED 的时候,发送方也会一直发送数据,而且,对于接收方来说,它永远只能接收到最后一条数据。

5.onBufferOverflow使用

  • 运用 onBufferOverflow 与 capacity,来实现 CONFLATED 的效果
 runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>(capacity = 1, onBufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.DROP_OLDEST)
        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:$it")
            
            channel.close()
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Receive:$i")
            
        
        printCoroutine("End!")
    

Log:
End!;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Channel Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3

其实 capacity = 1, onBufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.DROP_OLDEST,就代表了 capacity = CONFLATED。

  • onBufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.DROP_LATEST
        runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>(capacity = 3, onBufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.DROP_LATEST)
        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:$it")
            
            channel.send(4)
            printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:4")
            channel.send(5)
            printChannelCoroutine("Channel Send:5")
            channel.close()
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printChannelCoroutine("Channel Receive:$i")
            
        
        printCoroutine("End!")
    

Log:
End!;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Channel Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:4;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Send:5;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Channel Receive:1;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Receive:2;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Channel Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3

onBufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.DROP_LATEST 就意味着,当 Channel 容量满了以后,之后再继续发送的内容,就会直接被丢弃。

6.onUndeliveredElement

onUndeliveredElement 这个参数的作用

runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>(Channel.UNLIMITED) 
            printChannelCoroutine("onUndeliveredElement =$it")
        
        (1..3).forEach 
            channel.send(it)
        
        channel.receive()
        channel.cancel()
    

Log:
onUndeliveredElement =2;Thread:main @coroutine#1
onUndeliveredElement =3;Thread:main @coroutine#1

 可以发现,onUndeliveredElement 就是一个回调,当我们发送出去的 Channel 数据无法被接收方处理的时候,就可以通过 onUndeliveredElement 这个回调,来进行监听。

它的使用场景一般都是用于“接收方对数据是否被消费特别关心的场景”。比如说,我发送出去的消息,接收方是不是真的收到了?对于接收方没收到的信息,发送方就可以灵活处理了,比如针对这些没收到的消息,发送方可以先记录下来,等下次重新发送。

7.通过produce 创建Channel

  runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int> 
            (1..3).forEach 
                send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Send:$it")
            
        

        launch 
            for (i in channel) 
                printCoroutine("Receive:$i")
            
        

        printCoroutine("end")
    

Log:
end;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive:1;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Send:1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send:2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Receive:2;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Receive:3;Thread:main @coroutine#3
Send:3;Thread:main @coroutine#2

使用 produce 以后,就不用再去调用 close() 方法了,因为 produce 会自动帮我们去调用 close() 方法。

记录一个异常场景

 runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int> 
            (1..3).forEach 
                send(it)
            
        

        channel.receive()
        channel.receive()
        channel.receive()
        channel.receive()
        printCoroutine("End!")
    


Exception in thread "main" kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ClosedReceiveChannelException: Channel was closed
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Closed.getReceiveException(AbstractChannel.kt:1108)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.AbstractChannel$ReceiveElement.resumeReceiveClosed(AbstractChannel.kt:913)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.AbstractChannel.receiveSuspend(AbstractChannel.kt:609)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.AbstractChannel.receive(AbstractChannel.kt:593)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ChannelCoroutine.receive(ChannelCoroutine.kt)
	at com.example.myapplication.testcoroutinue.TestChannelKt$testChannel9$1.invokeSuspend(TestChannel.kt:34)
	(Coroutine boundary)
	at com.example.myapplication.testcoroutinue.TestChannelKt$testChannel9$1.invokeSuspend(TestChannel.kt:34)
Caused by: kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ClosedReceiveChannelException: Channel was closed

在上面代码中,我们只调用了 3 次 send(),却调用 4 次 receive()。当我们第 4 次调用 receive() 的时候,代码会抛出异常“ClosedReceiveChannelException”,这其实也代表:我们的 Channel 已经被关闭了。所以这也就说明了,produce 确实会帮我们调用 close() 方法。不然的话,第 4 次 receive() 会被挂起,而不是抛出异常。

 runBlocking 
        val channel = Channel<Int>()
        launch 
            (1..3).forEach 
                channel.send(it)
            
        

        channel.receive()
        printCoroutine("Receive: 1")
        channel.receive()
        printCoroutine("Receive: 2")
        channel.receive()
        printCoroutine("Receive: 3")

        channel.receive()
        printCoroutine("End!")
    

Log:
Receive: 1;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive: 2;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive: 3;Thread:main @coroutine#1

 ,第 4 次调用 receive(),就会导致程序被永久挂起,后面的printCoroutine("End!")

是没有机会继续执行的。也就是说,我们直接使用 receive() 是很容易出问题的。这也是我在前面的代码中一直使用 for 循环,而没有用 receive() 的原因。

8.Channel 还有两个属性:isClosedForReceive、isClosedForSend。

这两个属性,就可以用来判断当前的 Channel 是否已经被关闭。由于 Channel 分为发送方和接收方,所以这两个参数也是针对这两者的。也就是说,对于发送方,我们可以使用“isClosedForSend”来判断当前的 Channel 是否关闭;对于接收方来说,我们可以用“isClosedForReceive”来判断当前的 Channel 是否关闭。

    runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int> 
            (1..3).forEach 
                send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Send $it")
            
        

        while (!channel.isClosedForReceive) 
            val receive = channel.receive()
            printCoroutine("Receive $receive")
        

        printCoroutine("End")
    

Log:

Send 1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Receive 1;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 2;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Send 2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 3;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Receive 3;Thread:main @coroutine#1
End;Thread:main @coroutine#1

因为,当你为管道指定了 capacity 以后,以上的判断方式将会变得不可靠!原因是目前的 1.6.0 版本的协程库,运行这样的代码会崩溃,如下所示:


 runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int>(capacity = 3) 
            (1..300).forEach 
                send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Send $it")
            
        

        while (!channel.isClosedForReceive) 
            val receive = channel.receive()
            printCoroutine("Receive $receive")
        

        printCoroutine("End")
    

Log:
...
...

Receive 299;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 300;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Send 300;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Exception in thread "main" kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ClosedReceiveChannelException: Channel was closed
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Closed.getReceiveException(AbstractChannel.kt:1108)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.AbstractChannel$ReceiveElement.resumeReceiveClosed(AbstractChannel.kt:913)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.AbstractSendChannel.helpClose(AbstractChannel.kt:342)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.AbstractSendChannel.close(AbstractChannel.kt:271)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.SendChannel$DefaultImpls.close$default(Channel.kt:93)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ProducerCoroutine.onCompleted(Produce.kt:143)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ProducerCoroutine.onCompleted(Produce.kt:136)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.AbstractCoroutine.onCompletionInternal(AbstractCoroutine.kt:93)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.JobSupport.tryFinalizeSimpleState(JobSupport.kt:294)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.JobSupport.tryMakeCompleting(JobSupport.kt:856)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.JobSupport.makeCompletingOnce$kotlinx_coroutines_core(JobSupport.kt:828)
	at kotlinx.coroutines.AbstractCoroutine.resumeWith(AbstractCoroutine.kt:100)
	(Coroutine boundary)

所以,最好不要用 channel.receive()。即使配合 isClosedForReceive 这个判断条件,我们直接调用 channel.receive() 仍然是一件非常危险的事情!

runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int>(capacity = 3) 
            (1..300).forEach 
                send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Send $it")
            
        
        channel.consumeEach 
            printChannelCoroutine("Receive $it")
        

        printCoroutine("End")
    

Log:
...
Send 293;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 294;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Receive 291;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 292;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 293;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 294;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 295;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Send 295;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 296;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 297;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 298;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 299;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Receive 296;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 297;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 298;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 299;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Receive 300;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Send 300;Thread:main @coroutine#2
End;Thread:main @coroutine#1

 所以,当我们想要读取 Channel 当中的数据时,我们一定要使用 for 循环,或者是 channel.consumeEach ,千万不要直接调用 channel.receive()。在某些特殊场景下,如果我们必须要自己来调用 channel.receive(),那么可以考虑使用 receiveCatching(),它可以防止异常发生。

二、为什么说 Channel 是“热”的?

Channel 其实就是用来传递“数据流”的。注意,这里的数据流,指的是多个数据组合形成的流。

在业界一直有一种说法:Channel 是“热”的。也是因为这句话,在 Kotlin 当中,我们也经常把 Channel 称为“热数据流”。

  runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int>(capacity = 10) 
            (1..3).forEach 
                send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Send $it")
            
        

        printCoroutine("End")
    

Log:
End;Thread:main @coroutine#1
Send 1;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 2;Thread:main @coroutine#2
Send 3;Thread:main @coroutine#2

在上面的代码中,我们定义了一个 Channel,管道的容量是 10,然后我们发送了 3 个数据。但你是否注意到了,在代码中并没有消费 Channel 当中的数据。所以,这种“不管有没有接收方,发送方都会工作”的模式,就是我们将其认定为“热”的原因。

是不是因为前面的代码中,设置了“capacity = 10”的原因?如果设置成“capacity = 0”,那 Channel 的发送方是不是就不会主动工作了?让我们来试试。

  runBlocking 
        val channel = produce<Int>(capacity = 0) 
            (1..3).forEach 
                printChannelCoroutine("before Send $it")
                send(it)
                printChannelCoroutine("Send $it")
            
        
        printCoroutine("End !")
    


Log:
End !;Thread:main @coroutine#1
before Send 1;Thread:main @coroutine#2

当我们把 capacity 改成 0 以后,可以看到 Channel 的发送方仍然是会工作的,只是说,在它调用 send() 方法的时候,由于接收方还未就绪,且管道容量为 0,所以它会被挂起。所以,它仍然还是有在工作的。

三、Channel 源码

public interface Channel<E> : SendChannel<E>, ReceiveChannel<E> 

 Channel 本身并没有什么方法和属性,它其实只是 SendChannel、ReceiveChannel 这两个接口的组合。也就是说,Channel 的所有能力,都是来自于 SendChannel、ReceiveChannel 这两个接口。


public interface SendChannel<in E> 
    public val isClosedForSend: Boolean

    public suspend fun send(element: E)

    // 1,select相关
    public val onSend: SelectClause2<E, SendChannel<E>>

    // 2,非挂起函数的接收
    public fun trySend(element: E): ChannelResult<Unit>

    public fun close(cause: Throwable? = null): Boolean

    public fun invokeOnClose(handler: (cause: Throwable?) -> Unit)



public interface ReceiveChannel<out E> 

    public val isClosedForReceive: Boolean

    public val isEmpty: Boolean

    public suspend fun receive(): E

    public suspend fun receiveCatching(): ChannelResult<E>
    // 3,select相关
    public val onReceive: SelectClause1<E>
    // 4,select相关
    public val onReceiveCatching: SelectClause1<ChannelResult<E>>

    // 5,非挂起函数的接收
    public fun tryReceive(): ChannelResult<E>

    public operator fun iterator(): ChannelIterator<E>

    public fun cancel(cause: CancellationException? = null)

 

所以,如果说 Channel 是一个管道,那么 SendChannel、ReceiveChannel 就是组成这个管道的两个零件。

class CHannelModel 

    val channel: ReceiveChannel<Int> by ::_channel

    private val _channel: Channel<Int> = Channel()


    suspend fun init() 
        (1..2).forEach 
            _channel.send(it)
        
    

    fun main() = runBlocking 
        val model = CHannelModel()
        launch 
            model.init()
        

        model.channel.consumeEach 
            println(it)
        
    

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