8小时快速入门,golang安装学习,有语言基础的快来学习

Posted 黄昏单车

tags:

篇首语:本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理,主要介绍了8小时快速入门,golang安装学习,有语言基础的快来学习相关的知识,希望对你有一定的参考价值。


安装golang(Linux环境)

# 下载linux源码包中文官网地址
https://studygolang.com/dl
# 下载命令直接下载
wget https://studygolang.com/dl/golang/go1.17.2.linux-amd64.tar.gz
# 解压到指定目录
tar -zxf go1.17.2.linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/local
# 配置go的相关路径,在末尾加入以下内容
vim ~/.bashrc

# 设置go语言路径
export GOROOT=/usr/local/go
# 设置工作路径
export GOPATH=$HOME/go
# 设置系统环境变量
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH/bin

# 刷新配置
source ~/.bashrc
# 检查是否安装go成功
go version 或者 go --help

Golang的优势







Golang适合用来做什么(强项)

Go明星作品(成就)

Golang的不足(缺点)

1 - firstGolang

package main    // 程序包名

// 导入包
//import "fmt"
import (
        "fmt"
        "time"
)

func main()    //  跟函数名必须同行,否则编译错误
        // 结尾 ; 分号可加可不加,建议不加
        fmt.Println("hello Go!")
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)

2 - 声明 var

package main

import "fmt"

/*
        四种变量的声明方式
        注意:变量声明必须使用,否则错误
*/

// 声明全局变量 方法一,二,三是可以的
var gA int
var gB int = 10
var gC = 100

// 声明全局变量 方法四,错误:syntax error: non-declaration statement outside function body
// 只能用在函数体内
// gD := 1000
func main()
        // 方法一:声明一个变量,默认值是0
        var a int
        fmt.Println("a = ",a)
        fmt.Printf("type of a = %T\\n",a)

        // 方法二:声明一个变量,初始化一个值
        var b int = 10
        fmt.Println("b = ",b)
        fmt.Printf("type of b = %T\\n",b)

        // 方法三:在初始化的时候,可以省去数据类型,通过自动匹配当前的变量的数据类型
        var c = 100
        fmt.Println("c = ",c)
        fmt.Printf("type of c = %T\\n",c)

        // 方法四:(常用的方法)省去var关键字,直接自动匹配
        d := 1000
        fmt.Println("d = ",d)
        fmt.Printf("type of d = %T\\n",d)

        e := "abcd"
        fmt.Println("e = ",e)
        fmt.Printf("type of e = %T\\n",e)

        // 全局变量
        fmt.Println("gA = ",gA)
        fmt.Println("gB = ",gB)
        fmt.Println("gC = ",gC)
        //fmt.Println("gD = ",gD)
        
		// 多个变量声明方式
        var aa,bb int = 10,20
        fmt.Println("aa = ",aa,",bb =",bb)

        var cc,dd = 100,"acds"
        fmt.Println("cc = ",cc,",dd = ",dd)

        var (
                ee int = 100
                ff bool = true
        )
        fmt.Println("ee = ",ee,",ff = ",ff)

3 - 常量const.iota

package main

import "fmt"

// 定义枚举类
const (
        // iota 每行会累加1,第一行默认值是0
        BEIJING = iota          // iota = 0, BEIJINGJ = 0
        SHANGHAI                // iota = 1, SHANGHAI = 1
        SHENZHEN                // iota = 2, SHENZHEN = 2
)

const (
        a,b = iota + 1, iota + 2        // iota = 0, a = iota + 1, b = iota + 2, a = 1, b = 2
        c,d                             // iota = 1, c = iota + 1, d = iota + 2, c = 2, d = 3
        e,f                             // iota = 2, e = iota + 1, f = iota + 2, e = 3, f = 4
)

func main()
        // 常量(只读属性)
        const length = 10
        fmt.Println("length = ",length)

        // length = 100         // 常量是不允许修改的 报错:cannot assign to length

        fmt.Println("BEIJING = ",BEIJING)
        fmt.Println("SHANGHAI = ",SHANGHAI)
        fmt.Println("SHENZHEN = ",SHENZHEN)
        
        fmt.Println("a = ",a,",b = ",b)
        fmt.Println("c = ",c,",d = ",d)
        fmt.Println("e = ",e,",f = ",f)

        // iota 只允许const()使用 报错:undefined: iota
        // var aa = iota

4 - 函数func

package main

import "fmt"

// 返回单个返回值,匿名
func f1(a int, b int) int 
        fmt.Println("=====f1=====") 
        fmt.Println("a = ",a,", b = ",b)
        
        //c := 10
        
        return 10


// 返回多个返回值,无形参名称
func f2(a int,b string) (int, string) 
        fmt.Println("====f2====")
        fmt.Println("a = ",a,",b = ",b)
        
        return 100, "abc"


// 返回多个返回值,有形参名称
func f3(a int,b bool) (r1 int, r2 bool) 
        fmt.Println("====f3====") 
        fmt.Println("a = ",a,",b = ",b)
        
        // 给有名称的返回值赋值 不赋值默认0 false
        r1 = 100 
        r2 = true
        return
       

// 返回多个返回值,类型相同
func f4(a int, b string) (r1,r2 int) 
        fmt.Println("====f4====")
        fmt.Println("a = ",a,",b = ",b)
        return r1,r2


func main()
        f1 := f1(1,2)
        fmt.Println("f1 = ",f1)
        
        ret1, ret2 := f2(3,"abc")
        fmt.Println("ret1 = ",ret1,",ret2 = ",ret2);
        
        ret3, ret4 := f3(100,false)
        fmt.Println("ret3 = ",ret3,",ret4 = ",ret4)
        
        //前面已定义的变量,重新赋值,需要类型一致
        // 报错:cannot assign int to ret4 (type bool) in multiple assignment
        //ret3,ret4 = f4(101,"aaa")
        
        ret5,ret6 := f4(101,"bbb")
        fmt.Println("ret5 = ",ret5,",ret6 = ",ret6)
 

5 - init初始化函数和导包方式

# lib1/lib1.go
package lib1    // 包名和文件夹名称一致

import "fmt"

// 首字母大写代表对外开放api 函数
func Lib1test()
    fmt.Println("lib1==Lib1test==")


func init()
    fmt.Println("lib1====init===")


# lib2/lib2.go
package lib2

import "fmt"

func Lib2test()
    fmt.Println("lib2====Lib2test====")


func init()
    fmt.Println("lib2====init===")


# main.go文件
package main

// 注意导包路径是根据工作路径决定,也就是一开始配的 $GOPATH/src/GolangStudy/5-init/lib1
import (
    "GolangStudy/5-init/lib1"
    "GolangStudy/5-init/lib2"
)

func main()
    lib1.Lib1test()
    lib2.Lib2test()


package main

import (
    // 匿名导入
    _ "GolangStudy/5-init/lib1"
    // 别名导入
    //mylib2 "GolangStudy/5-init/lib2"
    // 导入到当前包,慎用,可能会导致方法名冲突
    . "GolangStudy/5-init/lib2"
)

func main()
    // 当导入包只使用init时,可以采用匿名导入
    // lib1.Lib1test()

    //lib2.Lib2test()

    // 可以使用别名调用
    //mylib2.Lib2test()

    // 导入当前包可直接使用
    Lib2test()

6 - 指针pointer

package main

import "fmt"

/*func swap(a int, b int)
    var c int
    c = a
    a = b
    b = c
*/

func swap(a *int, b *int)
    var c int
    c = *a
    *a = *b
    *b = c


func main()
    a := 10
    b := 20

    //swap(a, b)

    swap(&a, &b)

    fmt.Println("a = ",a,",b = ",b);

    // 一级指针
    var c *int
    c = &a

    fmt.Println(&a);
    fmt.Println(c);

    // 二级指针
    var d **int
    d = &c

    fmt.Println(&c);
    fmt.Println(d);

7 - defer关键字

package main

import "fmt"

func deferA()
    fmt.Println("--A--")


func deferB()
    fmt.Println("--B--")


func deferC()
    fmt.Println("--C--")


func main()
    // 输出: --C--  --B--   --A--
    defer deferA()
    defer deferB()
    defer deferC()

    // 输出: --returnFunc--    --deferFunc--
    deferAndReturn()


func deferAndReturn() int 
    defer deferFunc()
    return returnFunc()


func deferFunc() int 
    fmt.Println("--deferFunc--")
    return 0


func returnFunc() int 
    fmt.Println("--returnFunc--")
    return 0


8 - 数组array(slice动态数组)

1、定义数组

package main

import "fmt"

func printArr1(arr [4]int)
    for index,value := range arr 
        fmt.Println("index = ",index,",value = ",value)
    
    
    arr[1] = 100


func printArr2(arr []int)
    for index,value := range arr 
        fmt.Println("index = ",index,",value = ",value)
    

    arr[1] = 100


func main()
    // 固定长度数组
    var arr1 [10]int
    arr2 := [4]int1,2,3,4

    //for i := 0; i < 10; i++
    for i := 0; i < len(arr1); i++ 
        fmt.Println(arr1[i])
    

    for index, value := range arr2 
        fmt.Println("index = ",index,",value = ",value)
    

    // 查看数据类型 注意:Printf,不是 Println
    fmt.Printf("type of arr1 = %T\\n",arr1)
    fmt.Printf("type of arr2 = %T\\n",arr2)

    // 不能传长度不一致的数组
    // 报错:cannot use arr1 (type [10]int) as type [4]int in argument to printArr
    //printArr(arr1)

    // 传递的是值
    printArr1(arr2)
    fmt.Println("arr2[1] = ",arr2[1])

    // 不给任何长度,表示动态数组
    arr3 := []int11,22,33,44

    // 指针传递
    printArr2(arr3)
    fmt.Println("arr3[1] = ",arr3[1])


2、slice声明的几种方式

package main

import "fmt"

func main()

    //声明slice是一个切片,并且初始化,默认值1,2,3,长度len是3
    //var slice = []int1,2,3
    //slice := []int1,2,3

    //声明slice是一个切片,没有分配空间
    var slice1 []int
    //此时赋值报错
    //slice1[0] = 100
    //开辟空间再赋值
    //slice1 = make([]int,3)
    //slice1[0] = 100

    //var slice2 []int = make([]int,3)
    //var slice2 = make([]int,3)
    //slice2 := make([]int,3)

    // %v 表示打印详细信息
    fmt.Printf("len = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(slice1),slice1)

    //判断slice是否为0
    if slice1 == nil 
        fmt.Println("slice1 是一个空切片")
    else
        fmt.Println("slice1 是有空间的")
    


3、追加append

package main

import "fmt"

func main()
    // 3:长度,5:容量
    var number = make([]int,3,5)

    fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(number),cap(number),number)

    //追加元素1
    number = append(number,1)
    fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(number),cap(number),number)

    //追加元素2,此时容量已满
    number = append(number,2)
    fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(number),cap(number),number)

    //向容量cap已满的slice追加元素3
    number = append(number,3)
    fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(number),cap(number),number)

    fmt.Println("=========")

    //切片的扩容机制,append的时候,如果长度增加后超过容量,则将容量增加2倍
    var number2 = make([]int,3)
    fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(number2),cap(number2),number2)
    number2 = append(number2,1)
    fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d, slice = %v\\n",len(number2),cap(number2),number2)

以上是关于8小时快速入门,golang安装学习,有语言基础的快来学习的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章

8小时快速入门,golang安装学习,有语言基础的快来学习

8小时快速入门,golang安装学习,有语言基础的快来学习

[易学易懂系列|golang语言|零基础|快速入门|]

Golang系列之快速入门教程

Golang Gin 实战| 快速安装入门

[易学易懂系列|golang语言|零基础|快速入门|]