英语基础-状语从句

Posted 2023-03-05 aiguangyuan

1. 什么是状语从句

从句 = 引导词 + 句子 。状语位置自由，可前可后，因此，状语从句的结构有如下两种：

1. 状语从句放在前面，需要逗号 。引导词 + 从句句子 + “ , ” + 主句；

2. 状语从句放在后面，逗号可要可不要。主句 + 引导词 + 从句句子；

2. 引导词的选择

1. 名词性从句的引导词是根据从句的类型来选择；

2. 定语从句的引导词是根据先行词的类型以及从句是否完整进行判断；

3. 状语从句引导词如：because / if / when / although等等；

3. 状语从句的时态

一般情况下，在状语从句中

1. 主句表示过去时，从句可以使用相应的过去时态；

When I got home, my dad was watching TV.

When I got home , I felt pretty tired.

When I got home , my dad had slept.

2. 主句表示将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来，即主将从现；

I will go swimming if I finish my homework.

They will be cheerful when they pass the examination.

3. 主句表示将来完成时，从句用现在完成时；

I will have finished the task when you have come.

They will have concluded the meeting

as soon as the boss has arrived at the company.

4. 状语从句的分类

4.1. 时间状语从句

1. 引导词

(1). 普通引导词：

when 在... 时

as 正当/随着

while 在....期间

once 一旦

as soon as 就 

before 在之前

after 在之后

since 自从以来

not... until 直到…… 才

until/till 直到…… 时 

(2). 名词短语：

the moment  ... 就 

every time  每当

the day 那一天

the instant 当……的时候

(3). 副词：

immediately 一……就

directly 一……就

no sooner... than 一……就

hardly... when 一……就

scarcely... when  一……就

2. when , while 和 as 的区别

(1). when引导时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词，通常表示 “当……时”。

When I lived in this city, I went to work on foot every day.

When they finish their homework, they will go home.

A. 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，表示经过、经历；

learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay

B. 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词，不能延续，表示行为的结果，这种动作发生后就立即结束；

die, open, close, begin, finish, come, go, borrow, lend, buy等.

C. when 引导时间状语从句，假如从句和主句的主语相同，且从句的谓语部分含有be动词，此时从句中的主语和be动词可以省略；

When I was a child, I played games on a daily basis.

When they were attending a meeting, they were happy.

When they were attending a meeting, the boss came in.

(2). while引导时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性动词，多用进行时态，通常表示 “在……时”。

While I was watching TV, my mother was cleaning the room.

(3). as引导时间状语从句的谓语动词是延续性的动词，表示 “一边……一边……”，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生，也可表示“随着……”。

Kids sing as they dance.

As people moved away, the village became silent.

3. no sooner …than 和 hardly（scarcely）had … when的用法

(1). 含义：一…就…。

(2). 时态：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

I had no sooner finished my homework than my friend left.

我一完成家庭作业我的朋友就走了。

They hardly had arrived at the airport when the plane took off.

他们一到机场，飞机就起飞了。

We scarcely had turned on the computer when it was frozen.

我们一打开电脑，电脑就死机了。

(3). 高级用法：主句可以使用倒装

No sooner had I finished my homework than my friend left.

Hardly had they arrived at the airport when the plane took off.

Scarcely had we turned on the computer when it was frozen.

4. until 和  not…until

I will wait until my mother comes back.

我会一直等到我妈妈回来。

I will not leave until my mother comes back.

我妈妈不回来我就不走。

其实not... until并没有翻译成否定的意思。

它们的区别在于主句的谓语动词，如果主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词，就用not... until，如果是延续性动词就用until。

She doesn't realize the importance of cooperation until she finished the task.

She is ignorant of the importance of cooperation until she finished the task.

直到完成任务，她才认识到合作的重要性。

4.2. 地点状语从句

1. 引导词

常用引导词：where

不常用引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere 等等

I sing a song where people do exercise.

我在人们唱歌的地方唱了一首歌。

They find the boy where his father left.

他们在他爸爸离开的那个地方找到了那个男孩。

Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竞成。

2. 关于where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别

where引导的定语从句，前面有地点作为先行词。

I read books where students have classes.

I read books at the place where students have classes.

在where引导的状语从句前面，加上 “in/ at the +地点”变成定语从句

我在人们散步的地方，给妹妹买了一个新包包。

I buy a new bag for my sister, where people walk.

I buy a new bag for my sister, at the place where people walk.

4.3. 原因状语从句

1. 引导词

常用引导词：because, since, as等。

不常用引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that。

I like you because you are beautiful.

我喜欢你因为你很漂亮。

An accident happened because he was careless.

事故发生了，因为他的粗心。

一些表示“因为”，但不能引导句子，只能引导名词的短语：

because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for the sake of, as a result of 等。

An accident happened due to his carelessness. 

事故发生了由于他的粗心大意。

Owing to his carelessness, an accident happened. 

由于他的粗心大意，事故发生了。

2. 练习题

在看到农民工的地方，我都会想起我的老父亲。

I remenber my senior father，where I can see rural labors.

孩子们很开心，他们边走边唱歌。

Children walk as they sing, being cheerful.

他年轻的时候，可以在冬天游泳。

He was able to swim in winter, when he was young.

我们一到车站，车就开走了。

As soon as we got to the station, the bus left.

No sooner had we got to the station than the bus left.

Hardly had we got to the station when the bus left.

因为污染日益严重，所以我们需要尽力保护环境。

As the pollution is getting increasingly severe, we should space no effort to protect the environment.

Because of the increasingly severe, we should space no effort to protect the environment.

当我在看电视时，爷爷在看报纸。

When / While / As I was watching TV , my grandfather was reading newspaper.

老师一讲起这个关于爱情的故事，我的眼里泛起了泪花。

As soon as the teacher told me a story about romance, I had tears in my eyes.

直到妈妈喊他，他才醒过来。

He didn't weak up , untill his mother shouted at him.

He kept / was asleep, untill his mother shouted at him.

3. 翻译下列句子

当孩子们在写作业的时候， 他们的父母在吵架。

When / While / As the kids are doing their homework, their parents are quarreling.

随着学生们离开，学校变得一片寂静。

As the student move away , the school falls / become silent.

在每一处和你说话的地方，我都感觉很舒适。

I feel rather comfortable at the place everywhere I talk with you.

因为地震，人们离开家乡去城市。

Citizens leave their hometown for cities, because of the earthquake.

小鸟在有阳光的地方可以快乐地歌唱。

Birds can cheerfull sing where there is sinshine.

我一开始看电视，妈妈就到家了。

Hardly had I watched TV when my mother got home.

当他们年老时，他们就需要安享天年。

When they are old , they will desire to enjoy their old age in peace.

我的同事们一边听着领导讲话，一边做笔记，这让我觉得很无聊。

My colleagues listen to the leader as they take notes, which makes me fell bored.

4.4. 目的状语从句

1. 引导词

常用引导词：so that, in order that 等等。

常见的动词不定式也可以表示目的：to, in order to, so as to 等等，后跟动词原形。

I study hard to pass the examination.

I study hard so that I can pass the examination.

2. 用法区别

He works hard so that his family can lead a happy life.

他努力工作，这样子他的家人就能过上幸福的生活。

He works hard in order to lead a happy life.

他努力工作是为了他的家人过上幸福美满的生活。

4.5. 结果状语从句

1. 引导词

常用引导词：so that, so... that, such... that 等。

不常用引导词：to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that 等。

She is so beautiful that everyone likes her.

她是如此的漂亮以致于每个人都很喜欢她。

2. so that 的用法

so that既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句。

引导目的状语从句时， 会和情态动词一起连用；

引导结果状语从句时，则不和情态动词连用。

I do sports every day so that I can keep fit.

我每天做运动，那样我就能保持身材。

I do sports every day so that I am healthy.

我每天做运动，所以我很健康。

3. so … that 的用法

so + 形容词/副词 + that

The meeting is so tedious that I fall into sleep.

这个会议如此枯燥，所以我都睡着了。

so + many/much/few/little + 名词 +that

The boy drinks so much water that he feels uncomfortable.

这个男孩喝了许多的水，所以他感觉不舒服。

so + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + that

He is so diligent a boy that every teacher likes him.

他是个勤奋的男孩，所以每个老师都喜欢他。

4. such … that 的用法

such + a/an 形容词 +可数名词单数 + that

He is such an obedient boy that everyone likes him.

他是一个非常听话的孩子，每个人都喜欢他。

such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数/不可数名词 +that

They are such assiduous students that teachers like them.

他们是如此刻苦的学生，老师都很喜欢他们。

This is such wonderful music that we enjoy it very much.

这是如此美妙的音乐，我们非常喜欢。

5. 写作应用

结果状语从句可以很好地替换very important ,very serious等常用用法，只要句子中有形容词或副词，就可以试着使用结果状语从句。

合作很重要。

Cooperation is important.

Cooperation is so important that we should pay attention to it.

4.6. 条件状语从句

常用引导词：

if 如果

unless 如果不

特殊引导词：

as 只要

so long as 只要

only if 只要

providing 假如

provided that 假如

supposing that 假如 

in case that 以防

on condition that 如果 

You will pass the examination if you study hard.

如果你努力学习，你就可以通过考试。

They will achieve their goals so long as they stick together.

只要他们团结一致，他们就可以实现他们的目标。

On condition that you can pass the exam, I will buy you a gift.

如果你可以通过考试，我就给你买个礼物。

4.7. 让步状语从句

1. 引导词

常用引导词：

though 虽然

although 虽然

even if 即使

even though  尽管

特殊引导词：

as 作为

while 虽然 

no matter... 无论

in spite of the fact that  虽然

whatever 无论

whoever 谁

wherever 无论

whenever 每当

however 然而

whichever 无论

Although we didn’t win the competition, we still stick to our dream.

虽然我们没有赢得比赛，但我们仍然坚持我们的梦想。

While this boy has many advantages, nobody likes him.

2. as 引导让步状语从句的用法

as引导的让步状语从句，假如从句是主系表结构，那么可以将表语提前

As she is beautiful , we do not like her.

Beautiful as she is , we do not like her.

虽然她很美，我们都不喜欢她。

As he is a foolish man, he can accomplish the task.

A foolish man as he is, he can accomplish the task.

虽然他是一个笨蛋，他能完成这个任务。

3. 写作应用

在作文中，几乎每句话的后面都可以加一个由although引导的让步状语从句，对句子进行丰富和拉长。

我们应该孝敬父母。

We should show filial obedience to our parents, althrough we are always busy with our work.

4.8. 方式状语从句

常用引导词：

as 好像

as if 好像

as though 似乎 

特殊引导词：

the way 方式

除此以外，有些介词及短语也表示方式 ：

by 以 ... 的方式

through 以 ... 的方式

in...way 以 ... 的方式

in...manner 以 ... 的方式

He talks with us as he were a teacher.

他和我们说话，好像他是一名老师一样。

They walk in the street as if they were models.

他们走在街上就像模特一样。

4.9. 比较状语从句

1. 引导词

常用引导词：

as

than 

特殊引导词：

the more... the more...

more than

more... than...

not so much... as...

He is taller than me.

他比我高。

I am not so handsome as I used to be.

我不像以前那么帅了。

Hong looks as graceful as a red rose.

小红看起来像一朵红玫瑰一样优雅。

The result of this test is better than that of the last one.

这次试验的结果比上次的好。

2. the more…, the more… 越…，越…

注意假如the后面的形容词是比较级，就不需要more

你越努力，你就越幸运。

The harder you work, the luckier you will be.

你知道的越多，就越不开心。

The more you know, the more unhappy you will be.

3. more than 的用法

后加名词，表示“不仅仅是”

This man is more than a father. In fact , he is a hero.

这个男人不仅仅是一个父亲，他还是一个英雄。

后加形容词，表示“非常”

Chinese citizens are more than friendly.

中国人民非常友好。

后加数词，表示“多于，超过，比…多”

To tell the truth, I have more than 8 friends.

说实话，我的朋友不止8个。

后加动词，表示“不仅仅是”

The boy is ready to help others and more than to get praise.

这个男孩乐于帮助别人，而不仅仅是为了得到表扬。

5. 课后作业

1. 完成下列句子翻译

我们尽快完成作业，这样可以准备看电视节目。

We finish our homework as soon as possible, so that we are prepared to watch TV programs.

只要你不放弃，你肯定可以实现你的梦想。

As long as you never give up, you must be able to realize your dream.

As long as you never give up, your dream will come true.

孩子们一边唱歌一边跳舞，仿佛是花丛中飞舞的蝴蝶。

Children sing as they dance, as if they were butterflies flying among flowers.

虽然他是一个胜利者，但没有人崇拜他。

Even if he is a winner, nobody admires him.

这种花在天气很冷的地方无法生长。

The flower fails to grow up where it is cold.

为了能有一个更好的未来，我下定决心考研。

I decide to take the postgraduate entrance examination to have a better future.

2. 完成句子的拓展翻译

污染越来越严重。

The pollution is getting more and more severe , although citizens make efforts to  protect the environment.

英语很重要。

English is as important as water, although students find it hard to learn.