温故而知新 - 重新认识JavaScript的Closure

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闭包的重温。

定义:什么是Closure?

MDN: Closures 的定义如下:

A closure is the combination of a function bundled together (enclosed) with references to its surrounding state (the lexical environment). In other words, a closure gives you access to an outer function’s scope from an inner function. In javascript, closures are created every time a function is created, at function creation time.

再来看看,来自 专业性 的解释:

In programming languages, a closure, also lexical closure or function closure, is a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with first-class functions. Operationally, a closure is a record storing a function together with an environment. The environment is a mapping associating each free variable of the function (variables that are used locally, but defined in an enclosing scope) with the value or reference to which the name was bound when the closure was created. Unlike a plain function, a closure allows the function to access those captured variables through the closure\'s copies of their values or references, even when the function is invoked outside their scope.

简而言之,closure是由一个函数以及声明该函数的词法环境组成。

需要注意几个点:

  • a closure is a record

    闭包是一个结构体,存储了一个函数(通常是其入口地址)和一个声明该函数的环境(相当于一个符号查找表)。

  • free variable

    自由变量(在函数外部定义但在函数内被引用的变量)。闭包跟函数最大的不同在于,当捕捉闭包的时候,它的自由变量会在捕捉时被确定,这样即便脱离了捕捉时的上下文,它也能照常运行。

来看下面的代码:

var a = 1;
function test() {
  const b = 1;
  function inner1() {
    var c = a + 2;

    function inner2() {
      var d = a + b;

      return c;
    };

    inner2()
  };

  inner1();
}
test();

使用Chrome,分别在inner1()inner2()return c三处进行断点调试:

  • Step1: 程序运行到inner1()

    可以在控制台看到Scope里面有LocalGlobal两项

  • Step2: 程序运行到inner2()

    可以在控制台看到Scope里面有LocalClosure(test)Global三项,Closure(test)里面有函数test中定义的变量b

  • Step3: 程序运行到return c

    可以在控制台看到Scope里面有LocalClosure(test)Closure(inner1)Global四项,Closure(test)里面有函数test中定义的变量bClosure(inner1)里面有函数inner1中定义的变量c

若内部函数不使用外部函数声明的变量,来修改实例调试看看:

var a = 1;
function test() {
  const b = 1;
  function inner1() {
    var c = a + 2;

    function inner2() {
      var d = a + c;

      return c;
    };

    inner2()
  };

  inner1();
}
test();

继续按之前步骤调试,可以发现程序运行到inner2()时,Scope里面没有Closure(test)了。呈现的结果:内部函数不引用任何外部函数中的变量,不会产生闭包。

MDN里面提到

In JavaScript, closures are created every time a function is created, at function creation time.

再回顾closure概念,其包括函数入口地址和关联的环境。这跟函数创建时类似的,从这角度看,函数是闭包。那么按理论来讲,上述例子应该是会产生闭包,而实际在chrome调试发现并没有。猜测是不是这里进行了优化,当没有自由变量的时候,就不进行闭包处理?找了找资料,发现这确实是编译技巧,叫Lambda lifting

至此,总结闭包产生的必要条件:

  • 函数存在内部函数,即函数嵌套
  • 内部函数存在引用任何外部函数中的变量,即存在自由变量
  • 内部函数被执行

分析:为什么closure会常驻内存?

先来结论:闭包之所以会常驻在内存,在于闭包的lexical environment没有被释放。

function test() {
  var a = 0;

  return {
    increase: function() { a++; },
    getValue: function() { return a; },
  };
}

var obj = test();

obj.getValue();
obj.increase();
obj.getValue();

尝试分析下执行过程:

  1. 初始执行,创建全局lexical environment

    GlobalExecutionContext = {
      LexicalEnvironment: {
        EnvironmentRecord: {
          Type: "Object",
          test: < func >
        }
        outer: <null>,
        ThisBinding: <Global Object>
      },
      VariableEnvironment: {
        EnvironmentRecord: {
          Type: "Object",
          // Identifier bindings go here
          obj: undefined,
        }
        outer: <null>, 
        ThisBinding: <Global Object>
      }
    }
  2. 执行test函数,进入test函数的lexical environment

    FunctionExecutionContextOfTest = {
      LexicalEnvironment: {
        EnvironmentRecord: {
          Type: "Object",
        }
        outer: <null>,
        ThisBinding: <Global Object>
      },
      VariableEnvironment: {
        EnvironmentRecord: {
          Type: "Object",
          a: 0,
        }
        outer: <null>, 
        ThisBinding: <Global Object>
      }
    }
  3. 返回一个对象,里面包含两个函数,两个函数的lexical environment

    FunctionExecutionContextOfIncrease、
    FunctionExecutionContextOfGetValue: {
      LexicalEnvironment: {
        EnvironmentRecord: {
          Type: "Object",
        }
        outer: <LexicalEnvironmentOfTest>,
        ThisBinding: <Global Object or undefined>
      },
      VariableEnvironment: {
        EnvironmentRecord: {
          Type: "Object",
        }
        outer: <LexicalEnvironmentOfTest>, 
        ThisBinding: <Global Object or undefined>
      }
    }
  4. 调用objgetValue函数,进入getValue函数的lexical environment,按规范,通过GetIdentifierReference(lex, name, strict)来解析a,在increase函数的lexical environment中并不能解析a,便转到outer对应的外部lexical environment中继续解析
  5. 调用objincrease函数,过程类似调用objgetValue函数。

大体过程是如此。规范中关于FunctionInitialize,可以看到4.Set F.[[Environment]] to Scope.,看下规范关于[[Environment]]的说明

TypeDescription
Lexical EnvironmentThe Lexical Environment that the function was closed over. Used as the outer environment when evaluating the code of the function.

那么,调用objgetValue函数,转到outer对应的外部lexical environment中继续解析,这里的lexical environment,应该是指函数的内部属性[[Scopes]]

在之前chrome中调试的例子,可以看到Scope中出现Closure(test),里面保留的是test函数enviroment record中被其他lexical environment引用的那部分。

此外,obj.getValue()是在Global lexical environment中被调用,被执行时,其outer却不是Global lexical environment,这是因为外部词法环境引用指向的是逻辑上包围内部词法环境的词法环境:

The outer reference of a (inner) Lexical Environment is a reference to the Lexical Environment that logically surrounds the inner Lexical Environment.

总结

closure,搜寻相关资料重新认识,阅读规范,理解专业定义。原来很多东西并不是表面上那么简单!

参考资料

  1. 万维百科Closure)
  2. MDNClosures
  3. ECMAScript® 2019 Language Specification
  4. 解读闭包,这次从ECMAScript词法环境,执行上下文说起
  5. 所有的函式都是閉包:談 JS 中的作用域與 Closure

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