html 服务器规范和rspec的备忘单
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# Serverspec and RSpec Cheat Sheet
## Assertions
* `should` means "assert true".
* `should_not` means "assert false".
## Resources
http://serverspec.org/resource_types.html
### file
Files, directories, and devices.
```ruby
describe file('/path/to/file') do
#INode type
it { should be_file } # or be_directory, or be_symlink
it { should exist }
#Permissions
it { should be_owned_by 'username' }
it { should be_grouped_into 'groupname' }
it { should be_mode 440 }
it { should be_readable } # or be_writable or be_executable
it { should be_readable.by('owner') } # or 'group' or 'others'
it { should be_readable.by_user('username') }
#Links
if { should be_linked_to '/path/to/target' }
#Contents
its(:md5sum) { should eq '...' } # or, and rspec matcher
its(:sha256sum) { should eq '...' }
its(:size) { should < 1024 }
its(:content) { should match /some pattern/ }
end
```
### user
System users.
```ruby
describe user('username') do
it { should exist }
it { should belong_to_group 'group' }
it { should have_home_directory '/home/username' }
it { should have_login_shell '/bin/bash' }
it { should have_authorized_key 'ssh-rsa ABCD... user@hostname' }
end
```
### group
System user groups.
```ruby
describe group('groupname') do
it { should exist }
end
```
### packages
Software packages installed on the system.
```ruby
describe package('httpd') do
it { should be_installed }
end
```
Select based on operating system:
```ruby
describe package('httpd'), :if => os[:family] == 'redhat' do
it { should be_installed }
end
describe package('apache2'), :if => os[:family] == 'ubuntu' do
it { should be_installed }
end
```
### port
Network ports
```ruby
describe port(80) do
it { should be_listening }
end
```
### service
Installed services.
```ruby
describe service('httpd') do
it { should be_running }
it { should be_enabled } # enabled to start when the OS boots.
end
```
### process
Currently running processes.
```ruby
describe process("memchached") do
it { should be_running }
# parameters from ps, see `man ps(1)`, under "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS"
its(:user) { should eq 'root' }
its(:args) { should match /-c 32000\b/ }
its(:nice) { should > 10 }
end
```
### command
Run arbitrary commands and check the results.
```ruby
describe command('ls -al /') do
its(:stdout) { should match /some pattern/ }
its(:stderr) { should be_empty }
its(:exit_status) { should eq 0 }
end
```
### host
Hosts on the network
```ruby
describe host('example.org') do
it { should be_resolvable }
# address
its(:ipaddress) { should match /192\.168\.10\.10/ } # could be IPv4 or IPv6
its(:ipv4_address) { ... }
its(:ipv6_address) { ... }
# reachability
it { should be_reachable } # ping
it { should be_reachable.with(
:port => 53, # required parameter
# Optional params (default values shown)
:proto => 'tcp', # or 'udp'
:timeout => 5 # in seconds.
)}
end
```
## Matchers (rspec)
https://www.relishapp.com/rspec/rspec-expectations/v/3-4/docs/built-in-matchers
To try these outside of a serverspec test, you'll need to `require 'RSpec'`,
and replace `describe` with `RSpec.describe`.
### For strings
```ruby
describe 'foobar' do
it { should eq 'foobar' } # match using == operator
it { should match /ooba/ } # match using regex, anywhere in string.
it { should_not match /^ooba$/ } # anchor regex
it { should_not be_empty } # test for empty string: ""
it { should start_with('fo') }
it { should end_with('bar') }
it { should be_a(String) }
end
```
### For numbers
```ruby
describe 10 do
it { should eq 10 }
it { should == 10 } # same as above.
it { should < 20 }
it { should <= 10 }
it { should > 0 }
it { should >= 9 }
it { should be_within(2).of(9) }
it { should be_within(2).of(11) }
it { should be_a(Numeric) } # also consider: Float, Integer
it { should be_an_instance_of(Fixnum) } # Direct class, no higher
end
```
### For arrays
```ruby
describe [1, 2, 3] do
it { should_not be_empty } # test for empty list: []
it { should include(2) } # membership test
it { should_not include(0) }
it { should all( be_an(Integer) ) } # apply matcher to all elements
it { should all( be_an(Integer).and be < 10 ) } # conjunction
it { should start_with([1,2]) }
it { should end_with([2,3]) }
it { should be_an(Array) }
end
```
### For hashes
```ruby
describe ({ :a => 'A', :b => 2 }) do
it { should have_key(:a) }
it { should include(:a) } # same as above
it { should include(:b => 2) } # test for presence of key and the value it maps to.
it { should_not include(:b => 3) }
it { should_not include(:c => 2) }
it { should be_a(Hash) }
end
```
### The general purpose `satisfy` matcher
```ruby
describe(3.14159) do
# Passes as long as the block returns true.
it { should satisfy { |uut|
uut.kind_of?(Numeric) and uut > 3 and uut < 3.2
}}
end
```
### Combining expectations (`and`, `or`)
```ruby
describe("thunder") do
it { should start_with("thun").and end_with("der") }
it { should start_with("won").or start_with("thun") }
it { should (start_with("won").or start_with("thun")).and end_with("der") }
# with line breaks
it { should (
start_with("won").or \
start_with("thun").or \
start_with("pon")
).and (
end_with("der")
)
}
end
```
### Defining custom matchers
```ruby
RSpec::Matchers.define :be_multiple_of do |expected|
match do |actual|
actual % expected == 0
end
# optional, override description
description do
"be multiple of #{expected}"
end
# optionally, override failure message:
failure_message do |actual|
"expected that #{actual} would be a multiple of #{expected}"
end
# optionally, override failure message when negated:
failure_message_when_negated do |actual|
"expected that #{actual} would not be a multiple of #{expected}"
end
end
describe(9) do
it { should be_multiple_of(3) }
#Deliberate failures
it { should be_multiple_of(2) }
it { should_not be_multiple_of(3) }
end
```<!DOCTYPE html >
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Maybe someday I'll put together a better script to aut-generate this from markdown source. -->
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text-size-adjust: 100%;
color: #333;
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word-wrap: break-word;
}
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}
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font-family: monospace, monospace;
font-size: 1em;
}
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color: inherit;
font: inherit;
margin: 0;
}
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cursor: default;
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line-height: normal;
}
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box-sizing: border-box;
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</head>
<body class='markdown-body'>
<h1>Serverspec and RSpec Cheat Sheet</h1>
<div id='content'>
<h2>Assertions</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>should</code> means "assert true".</li>
<li><code>should_not</code> means "assert false".</li>
</ul>
<h2>Resources</h2>
<p><a href="http://serverspec.org/resource_types.html">http://serverspec.org/resource_types.html</a></p>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>file</h3>
<p>Files, directories, and devices.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/path/to/file'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="c1">#INode type</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_file</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># or be_directory, or be_symlink</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">exist</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">#Permissions</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_owned_by</span> <span class="s1">'username'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_grouped_into</span> <span class="s1">'groupname'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_mode</span> <span class="mi">440</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_readable</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># or be_writable or be_executable</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_readable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'owner'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># or 'group' or 'others'</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_readable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_user</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'username'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">#Links</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_linked_to</span> <span class="s1">'/path/to/target'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">#Contents</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:md5sum</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">eq</span> <span class="s1">'...'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># or, and rspec matcher</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:sha256sum</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">eq</span> <span class="s1">'...'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:size</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1024</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:content</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="sr">/some pattern/</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>user</h3>
<p>System users.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'username'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">exist</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">belong_to_group</span> <span class="s1">'group'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">have_home_directory</span> <span class="s1">'/home/username'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">have_login_shell</span> <span class="s1">'/bin/bash'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">have_authorized_key</span> <span class="s1">'ssh-rsa ABCD... user@hostname'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>group</h3>
<p>System user groups.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'groupname'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">exist</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>packages</h3>
<p>Software packages installed on the system.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'httpd'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_installed</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Select based on operating system:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'httpd'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="ss">:if</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="ss">:family</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'redhat'</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_installed</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'apache2'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="ss">:if</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="ss">:family</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'ubuntu'</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_installed</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>port</h3>
<p>Network ports</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_listening</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>service</h3>
<p>Installed services.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">service</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'httpd'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_running</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_enabled</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># enabled to start when the OS boots.</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>process</h3>
<p>Currently running processes.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"memchached"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_running</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># parameters from ps, see `man ps(1)`, under "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS"</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:user</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">eq</span> <span class="s1">'root'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="sr">/-c 32000\b/</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:nice</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>command</h3>
<p>Run arbitrary commands and check the results.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ls -al /'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:stdout</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="sr">/some pattern/</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:stderr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_empty</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:exit_status</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">eq</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>host</h3>
<p>Hosts on the network</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'example.org'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_resolvable</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># address</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:ipaddress</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="sr">/192\.168\.10\.10/</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># could be IPv4 or IPv6</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:ipv4_address</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">its</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:ipv6_address</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># reachability</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_reachable</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># ping</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_reachable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="ss">:port</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># required parameter</span>
<span class="c1"># Optional params (default values shown)</span>
<span class="ss">:proto</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'tcp'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># or 'udp'</span>
<span class="ss">:timeout</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="c1"># in seconds.</span>
<span class="p">)}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<h2>Matchers (rspec)</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.relishapp.com/rspec/rspec-expectations/v/3-4/docs/built-in-matchers"> https://www.relishapp.com/rspec/rspec-expectations/v/3-4/docs/built-in-matchers </a></p>
<p>To try these outside of a serverspec test, you'll need to <code>require 'RSpec'</code>,
and replace <code>describe</code> with <code>RSpec.describe</code>.</p>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>For strings</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="s1">'foobar'</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">eq</span> <span class="s1">'foobar'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># match using == operator</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="sr">/ooba/</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># match using regex, anywhere in string.</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="sr">/^ooba$/</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># anchor regex</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="n">be_empty</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># test for empty string: ""</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">end_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_a</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>For numbers</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">eq</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># same as above.</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">20</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="mi">9</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_within</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_within</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_a</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">Numeric</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># also consider: Float, Integer</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_an_instance_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">Fixnum</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># Direct class, no higher</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>For arrays</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="n">be_empty</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># test for empty list: []</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="kp">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># membership test</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="kp">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">all</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">be_an</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Integer</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># apply matcher to all elements</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">all</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">be_an</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Integer</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">be</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># conjunction</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">end_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_an</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Array</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>For hashes</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span> <span class="p">({</span> <span class="ss">:a</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'A'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:b</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="p">})</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">have_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:a</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="kp">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:a</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># same as above</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="kp">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:b</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1"># test for presence of key and the value it maps to.</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="kp">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:b</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="kp">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:c</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_a</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">Hash</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>The general purpose <code>satisfy</code> matcher</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">14159</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="c1"># Passes as long as the block returns true.</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">satisfy</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">uut</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="n">uut</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">kind_of?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">Numeric</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">uut</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">uut</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="p">}}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>Combining expectations (<code>and</code>, <code>or</code>)</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"thunder"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"thun"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">end_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"der"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"won"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">or</span> <span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"thun"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"won"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">or</span> <span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"thun"</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">end_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"der"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># with line breaks</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"won"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">or</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"thun"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">or</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<span class="n">start_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"pon"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">end_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"der"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
<section class='no-break'>
<h3>Defining custom matchers</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="no">RSpec</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Matchers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">define</span> <span class="ss">:be_multiple_of</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="n">match</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="n">actual</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># optional, override description</span>
<span class="n">description</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="s2">"be multiple of </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># optionally, override failure message:</span>
<span class="n">failure_message</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="s2">"expected that </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> would be a multiple of </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># optionally, override failure message when negated:</span>
<span class="n">failure_message_when_negated</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="s2">"expected that </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> would not be a multiple of </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_multiple_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">#Deliberate failures</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be_multiple_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">it</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">should_not</span> <span class="n">be_multiple_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</section>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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