markdown AMD模块模式JS

Posted 2021-05-05

## AMD
CommonJS is all well and good, but what if we want to load modules asynchronously? The answer is called Asynchronous Module Definition, or AMD for short.

Loading modules using AMD looks something like this:

```sh
define(['myModule', 'myOtherModule'], function(myModule, myOtherModule) {
  console.log(myModule.hello());
});
```
What’s happening here is that the define function takes as its first argument an array of each of the module’s dependencies. These dependencies are loaded in the background (in a non-blocking manner), and once loaded define calls the callback function it was given.

Next, the callback function takes, as arguments, the dependencies that were loaded — in our case, myModule and myOtherModule — allowing the function to use these dependencies. Finally, the dependencies themselves must also be defined using the define keyword.

For example, myModule might look like this:
```sh

define([], function() {

  return {
    hello: function() {
      console.log('hello');
    },
    goodbye: function() {
      console.log('goodbye');
    }
  };
});
```

So again, unlike CommonJS, AMD takes a browser-first approach alongside asynchronous behavior to get the job done. (Note, there are a lot of people who strongly believe that dynamically loading files piecemeal as you start to run code isn’t favorable, which we’ll explore more when in the next section on module-building).

Aside from asynchronicity, another benefit of AMD is that your modules can be objects, functions, constructors, strings, JSON and many other types, while CommonJS only supports objects as modules.

That being said, AMD isn’t compatible with io, filesystem, and other server-oriented features available via CommonJS, and the function wrapping syntax is a bit more verbose compared to a simple require statement.

## UMD
For projects that require you to support both AMD and CommonJS features, there’s yet another format: Universal Module Definition (UMD).

UMD essentially creates a way to use either of the two, while also supporting the global variable definition. As a result, UMD modules are capable of working on both client and server.

Here’s a quick taste of how UMD goes about its business:
```sh

(function (root, factory) {
  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
      // AMD
    define(['myModule', 'myOtherModule'], factory);
  } else if (typeof exports === 'object') {
      // CommonJS
    module.exports = factory(require('myModule'), require('myOtherModule'));
  } else {
    // Browser globals (Note: root is window)
    root.returnExports = factory(root.myModule, root.myOtherModule);
  }
}(this, function (myModule, myOtherModule) {
  // Methods
  function notHelloOrGoodbye(){}; // A private method
  function hello(){}; // A public method because it's returned (see below)
  function goodbye(){}; // A public method because it's returned (see below)

  // Exposed public methods
  return {
      hello: hello,
      goodbye: goodbye
  }
}));
```