如何捕获 Firebase Auth 特定异常
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【中文标题】如何捕获 Firebase Auth 特定异常【英文标题】：How to catch a Firebase Auth specific exceptions 【发布时间】：2016-10-17 23:51:16 【问题描述】：使用 Firebase，我如何捕获特定异常并优雅地告知用户？例如：
FirebaseAuthInvalidCredentialsException：电子邮件地址错误 格式化。
我正在使用下面的代码使用电子邮件和密码注册用户，但我在 java 方面并不那么先进。
mAuth.createUserWithEmailAndPassword(email, pwd)
.addOnCompleteListener(this, new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>()
@Override
public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task)
if (!task.isSuccessful())
//H.toast(c, task.getException().getMessage());
Log.e("Signup Error", "onCancelled", task.getException());
else
FirebaseUser user = mAuth.getCurrentUser();
String uid = user.getUid();
);
【问题讨论】：
【参考方案1】：您可以在 try 块中抛出 task.getException 返回的异常，并捕获您正在使用的方法可能抛出的每种类型的异常。
这是来自OnCompleteListener 的createUserWithEmailAndPassword 方法的示例。
if(!task.isSuccessful())
try
throw task.getException();
catch(FirebaseAuthWeakPasswordException e)
mTxtPassword.setError(getString(R.string.error_weak_password));
mTxtPassword.requestFocus();
catch(FirebaseAuthInvalidCredentialsException e)
mTxtEmail.setError(getString(R.string.error_invalid_email));
mTxtEmail.requestFocus();
catch(FirebaseAuthUserCollisionException e)
mTxtEmail.setError(getString(R.string.error_user_exists));
mTxtEmail.requestFocus();
catch(Exception e)
Log.e(TAG, e.getMessage());
【讨论】：
我对此有疑问。 Firebase 只是返回给我一个 FirebaseException，而不是 FirebaseAuthWeakPasswordException 或其他。但消息似乎很好：“WEAK_PASSWORD”。有什么想法吗？ 您可以检查最后一个catch 块中的消息以查找任何不具有特定类型的异常。
是的，我明白了。但是为什么你有 FirebaseAuthWeakPasswordException 而我没有呢？如果我用 msg 类型做一个 switch 案例，而我应该能够用类类型正确地做到这一点，这是糟糕的代码。
我发现 Firebase 框架在其抛出的异常类型方面不一致。因此，我不得不以某些方法检查消息。它更混乱，但你必须使用你得到的东西。我确实提交了错误报告，但我认为没有任何结果。【参考方案2】：
除了@pdegand59 答案，我在 Firebase 库中发现了一些错误代码并在 android 上进行了测试（返回的错误代码）。希望这会有所帮助，问候。
("ERROR_INVALID_CUSTOM_TOKEN", "The custom token format is incorrect. Please check the documentation."));
("ERROR_CUSTOM_TOKEN_MISMATCH", "The custom token corresponds to a different audience."));
("ERROR_INVALID_CREDENTIAL", "The supplied auth credential is malformed or has expired."));
("ERROR_INVALID_EMAIL", "The email address is badly formatted."));
("ERROR_WRONG_PASSWORD", "The password is invalid or the user does not have a password."));
("ERROR_USER_MISMATCH", "The supplied credentials do not correspond to the previously signed in user."));
("ERROR_REQUIRES_RECENT_LOGIN", "This operation is sensitive and requires recent authentication. Log in again before retrying this request."));
("ERROR_ACCOUNT_EXISTS_WITH_DIFFERENT_CREDENTIAL", "An account already exists with the same email address but different sign-in credentials. Sign in using a provider associated with this email address."));
("ERROR_EMAIL_ALREADY_IN_USE", "The email address is already in use by another account."));
("ERROR_CREDENTIAL_ALREADY_IN_USE", "This credential is already associated with a different user account."));
("ERROR_USER_DISABLED", "The user account has been disabled by an administrator."));
("ERROR_USER_TOKEN_EXPIRED", "The user\'s credential is no longer valid. The user must sign in again."));
("ERROR_USER_NOT_FOUND", "There is no user record corresponding to this identifier. The user may have been deleted."));
("ERROR_INVALID_USER_TOKEN", "The user\'s credential is no longer valid. The user must sign in again."));
("ERROR_OPERATION_NOT_ALLOWED", "This operation is not allowed. You must enable this service in the console."));
("ERROR_WEAK_PASSWORD", "The given password is invalid."));
("ERROR_MISSING_EMAIL", "An email address must be provided.";
【讨论】：
【参考方案3】：有许多与 firebase 身份验证相关的例外情况。 除了@kingspeech
您应该使用((FirebaseAuthException)task.getException()).getErrorCode() 获取错误类型，然后在switch 中处理它，如下所示：
private void loginUser(String email, String password)
mAuth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(email, password).addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>()
@Override
public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task)
if (task.isSuccessful())
startActivity(new Intent(MainActivity.this, Main2Activity.class));
else
String errorCode = ((FirebaseAuthException) task.getException()).getErrorCode();
switch (errorCode)
case "ERROR_INVALID_CUSTOM_TOKEN":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The custom token format is incorrect. Please check the documentation.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_CUSTOM_TOKEN_MISMATCH":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The custom token corresponds to a different audience.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_INVALID_CREDENTIAL":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The supplied auth credential is malformed or has expired.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_INVALID_EMAIL":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The email address is badly formatted.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
etEmail.setError("The email address is badly formatted.");
etEmail.requestFocus();
break;
case "ERROR_WRONG_PASSWORD":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The password is invalid or the user does not have a password.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
etPassword.setError("password is incorrect ");
etPassword.requestFocus();
etPassword.setText("");
break;
case "ERROR_USER_MISMATCH":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The supplied credentials do not correspond to the previously signed in user.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_REQUIRES_RECENT_LOGIN":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "This operation is sensitive and requires recent authentication. Log in again before retrying this request.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_ACCOUNT_EXISTS_WITH_DIFFERENT_CREDENTIAL":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "An account already exists with the same email address but different sign-in credentials. Sign in using a provider associated with this email address.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_EMAIL_ALREADY_IN_USE":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The email address is already in use by another account. ", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
etEmail.setError("The email address is already in use by another account.");
etEmail.requestFocus();
break;
case "ERROR_CREDENTIAL_ALREADY_IN_USE":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "This credential is already associated with a different user account.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_USER_DISABLED":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The user account has been disabled by an administrator.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_USER_TOKEN_EXPIRED":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The user\\'s credential is no longer valid. The user must sign in again.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_USER_NOT_FOUND":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "There is no user record corresponding to this identifier. The user may have been deleted.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_INVALID_USER_TOKEN":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The user\\'s credential is no longer valid. The user must sign in again.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_OPERATION_NOT_ALLOWED":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "This operation is not allowed. You must enable this service in the console.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
case "ERROR_WEAK_PASSWORD":
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "The given password is invalid.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
etPassword.setError("The password is invalid it must 6 characters at least");
etPassword.requestFocus();
break;
);
【讨论】：
【参考方案4】：您应该使用((FirebaseAuthException)task.getException()).getErrorCode() 来获取错误类型，如果这是格式错误的电子邮件的错误代码，则正常失败。
很遗憾，我找不到 Firebase 使用的错误代码列表。 触发一次异常，记下相应的错误码和代码。
【讨论】：
task.getException() 不能始终转换为 FirebaseAuthException，例如在没有网络连接的情况下。在这种情况下，异常是 FirebaseNetworkException @DavidH 如果你使用 task.getException() 不为空，它会解决这个问题 @mehmet 不，它不会解决问题，因为 task.getException() 在 FirebaseNetworkException 时不为空【参考方案5】：如果您只是想向用户显示一条消息，这是可行的。简洁优雅：
if (!task.isSuccessful())
Log.w(TAG, "signInWithEmail:failed", task.getException());
Toast.makeText(LoginActivity.this, "User Authentication Failed: " + task.getException().getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
.getMessage() 方法似乎已经将异常转换为对我们可用的格式，我们所要做的就是将其显示给用户。
（这是我的第一条评论，请有建设性的批评）
【讨论】：
这会在getMessage() 方法中给出警告：Method invocation 'getMessage' may produce 'java.lang.NullPointerException'。如何解决这个问题？
它告诉你 getException() 可以返回 null 所以你可以添加... if(task.getException != null) Toast.makeText... ;【参考方案6】：
您可以使用 steve-guidetti 或 pdegand59 方法。我用的是steve-guidetti的方法（少了两个例外）
对于所有可能的例外情况，请在下面找到参考。
这里有很好的记录。
https://firebase.google.com/docs/reference/js/firebase.auth.Auth
搜索“createUserWithEmailAndPassword”并找到
错误代码
身份验证/电子邮件已在使用中
Thrown if there already exists an account with the given email address.
身份验证/无效电子邮件
Thrown if the email address is not valid.
授权/不允许操作
Thrown if email/password accounts are not enabled. Enable email/password accounts in the Firebase Console, under the Auth tab.
身份验证/弱密码
Thrown if the password is not strong enough.
对于所有五个例外：检查这里
https://firebase.google.com/docs/reference/android/com/google/firebase/auth/FirebaseAuthException
在这里您可以找到 5 种不同类型的 AuthException。 4 个已知的直接子类和 1 个间接子类
您可以使用 steve-guidetti 或 pdegand59 方法。
【讨论】：
这实际上并没有回答他的问题。 这是针对特定于 Auth 的权限，缺少另外两个例外。检查参考 他问的是“我如何捕获一个特定的异常并优雅地告诉用户”而不是“给我一个可能的异常列表”。您的回答对这两件事都没有帮助——如何捕获异常，或者如何通知用户。【参考方案7】：使用 Kotlin 的解决方案
fun signInWithEmail(email: String, passKey: String)
FirebaseAuth.getInstance().signInWithEmailAndPassword(email, passKey).addOnSuccessListener
it.user?.let
authResultOperation.postValue(AuthResultOperation.OnSuccessSignIn)
.addOnFailureListener
val errorCode = (it.exception as FirebaseAuthException).errorCode
val errorMessage = authErrors[errorCode] ?: R.string.error_login_default_error
Toast.makeText(context, context.getString(errorMessage),Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
说明：基本上它只是一个将firebase错误代码与自定义字符串资源匹配的地图。
val authErrors = mapOf("ERROR_INVALID_CUSTOM_TOKEN" to R.string.error_login_custom_token,
"ERROR_CUSTOM_TOKEN_MISMATCH" to R.string.error_login_custom_token_mismatch,
"ERROR_INVALID_CREDENTIAL" to R.string.error_login_credential_malformed_or_expired,
"ERROR_INVALID_EMAIL" to R.string.error_login_invalid_email,
"ERROR_WRONG_PASSWORD" to R.string.error_login_wrong_password,
"ERROR_USER_MISMATCH" to R.string.error_login_user_mismatch,
"ERROR_REQUIRES_RECENT_LOGIN" to R.string.error_login_requires_recent_login,
"ERROR_ACCOUNT_EXISTS_WITH_DIFFERENT_CREDENTIAL" to R.string.error_login_accounts_exits_with_different_credential,
"ERROR_EMAIL_ALREADY_IN_USE" to R.string.error_login_email_already_in_use,
"ERROR_CREDENTIAL_ALREADY_IN_USE" to R.string.error_login_credential_already_in_use,
"ERROR_USER_DISABLED" to R.string.error_login_user_disabled,
"ERROR_USER_TOKEN_EXPIRED" to R.string.error_login_user_token_expired,
"ERROR_USER_NOT_FOUND" to R.string.error_login_user_not_found,
"ERROR_INVALID_USER_TOKEN" to R.string.error_login_invalid_user_token,
"ERROR_OPERATION_NOT_ALLOWED" to R.string.error_login_operation_not_allowed,
"ERROR_WEAK_PASSWORD" to R.string.error_login_password_is_weak)
字符串资源（可根据您的要求随意更改）
<resources>
<string name="error_login_custom_token">The custom token format is incorrect. Please check the documentation.</string>
<string name="error_login_custom_token_mismatch">The custom token corresponds to a different audience.</string>
<string name="error_login_credential_malformed_or_expired">The supplied auth credential is malformed or has expired.</string>
<string name="error_login_invalid_email">The email address is badly formatted.</string>
<string name="error_login_wrong_password">The password is invalid or the user does not have a password.</string>
<string name="error_login_user_mismatch">The supplied credentials do not correspond to the previously signed in user.</string>
<string name="error_login_requires_recent_login">This operation is sensitive and requires recent authentication. Log in again before retrying this request.</string>
<string name="error_login_accounts_exits_with_different_credential">An account already exists with the same email address but different sign-in credentials. Sign in using a provider associated with this email address.</string>
<string name="error_login_email_already_in_use">The email address is already in use by another account.</string>
<string name="error_login_credential_already_in_use">This credential is already associated with a different user account.</string>
<string name="error_login_user_disabled">The user account has been disabled by an administrator.</string>
<string name="error_login_user_not_found">There is no user record corresponding to this identifier. The user may have been deleted.</string>
<string name="error_login_operation_not_allowed">This operation is not allowed. You must enable this service in the console.</string>
<string name="error_login_password_is_weak">The given password is invalid.</string>
<string name="error_login_user_token_expired">The user\'s credential is no longer valid. The user must sign in again</string>
<string name="error_login_invalid_user_token">The user\'s credential is no longer valid. The user must sign in again.</string>
</resources>
【讨论】：
【参考方案8】：如果您将上游消息从用户发送到云端，请实现 firebase 回调函数 onMessageSent 和 onSendError 以检查上游消息的状态。在错误情况下，onSendError 返回带有错误代码的 SendException。
例如，如果客户端在达到 20 条消息限制后尝试发送更多消息，则返回 SendException#ERROR_TOO_MANY_MESSAGES。
【讨论】：
【参考方案9】：我尝试了其他解决方案，但不喜欢它们。
这个呢：
if (!task.isSuccessful())
Exception exc = task.getException();
if (exc.getMessage().contains("The email address is badly formatted."))
etUser.setError(getString(R.string.error_wrong_email));
etUser.requestFocus();
else
if (exc.getMessage().contains("There is no user record corresponding to this identifier. The user may have been deleted."))
etUser.setError(getString(R.string.error_user_not_exist));
etUser.requestFocus();
else
if (exc.getMessage().contains("The password is invalid or the user does not have a password"))
etPass.setError(getString(R.string.error_wrong_password));
etPass.requestFocus();
Log.w(TAG, "signInWithEmail:failed", task.getException());
Toast.makeText(AuthActivity.this, R.string.auth_failed,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
【讨论】：
【参考方案10】：要捕获 firebase 异常很容易，您应该在添加 .addOnCompleteListener 之后添加 .addOnFailureListener，如下所示：
private void login_user(String email, String password)
mAuth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(email,password).addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>()
@Override
public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task)
if(task.isSuccessful())
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),MainActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
finish();
if(!task.isSuccessful())
// To know The Excepton
//Toast.makeText(LoginActivity.this, ""+task.getException(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
).addOnFailureListener(new OnFailureListener()
@Override
public void onFailure(@NonNull Exception e)
if( e instanceof FirebaseAuthInvalidUserException)
Toast.makeText(LoginActivity.this, "This User Not Found , Create A New Account", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
if( e instanceof FirebaseAuthInvalidCredentialsException)
Toast.makeText(LoginActivity.this, "The Password Is Invalid, Please Try Valid Password", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
if(e instanceof FirebaseNetworkException)
Toast.makeText(LoginActivity.this, "Please Check Your Connection", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
);
【讨论】：
这样是不是有点麻烦？..和其他方法相比。【参考方案11】：LOGIN_EXCEPTIONS
FirebaseAuthException - 与 Firebase 身份验证相关的一般异常。查看错误代码和消息以获取更多详细信息。
ERROR_USER_DISABLED 如果用户已被禁用（例如，在 Firebase 控制台中）
ERROR_USER_NOT_FOUND 如果用户已被删除（例如，在 Firebase 控制台中，或在此应用的另一个实例中）
ERROR_USER_TOKEN_EXPIRED 如果用户的令牌已在后端被撤销。如果用户的凭据在另一台设备上发生更改（例如，在密码更改事件中），这会自动发生。
ERROR_INVALID_USER_TOKEN 如果用户的令牌格式错误。这在正常情况下不应该发生。
mAuth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(login, pass)
.addOnCompleteListener(this, new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>()
@Override
public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task)
if(task.isSuccessful())
else if (task.getException() instanceof FirebaseAuthInvalidUserException)
else if(((FirebaseAuthException) task.getException()).getErrorCode().equals("ERROR_USER_DISABLED"))
else if(((FirebaseAuthException) task.getException()).getErrorCode().equals("ERROR_USER_NOT_FOUND "))
else if(((FirebaseAuthException) task.getException()).getErrorCode().equals("ERROR_USER_TOKEN_EXPIRED "))
else if(((FirebaseAuthException) task.getException()).getErrorCode().equals("ERROR_INVALID_USER_TOKEN "))
);
REGISTER_EXCEPTIONS
FirebaseAuthEmailException
表示尝试通过 Firebase Auth 发送电子邮件（例如密码重置电子邮件）导致的异常
FirebaseAuthInvalidCredentialsException - 当传递给方法的一个或多个凭据无法识别和/或验证该操作的用户主体时抛出。检查错误代码和消息，找出具体原因。
FirebaseAuthWeakPasswordException - 使用弱密码（少于 6 个字符）创建新帐户或更新现有帐户密码时抛出。使用 getReason() 获取一条包含验证失败原因的消息，您可以将其显示给您的用户。
【讨论】：
【参考方案12】：在我看来，默认消息的信息量已经足够了。所以我使用它而不是任何自定义消息，它对我来说效果很好。
if (!task.isSuccessful())
// there was an error
String yourString = task.getException().toString();
String target = "Exception:";
String error = yourString.substring(yourString.indexOf(target) + target.length() + 1, yourString.length());
Toast.makeText(LoginScreen.this, "Error: "+error, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
附言这是我关于堆栈溢出的第一个答案。如果有帮助，请告诉我。
【讨论】：
【参考方案13】： try
throw task.getException();
catch(FirebaseAuthException e)
switch (e.getErrorCode())
case "ERROR_WEAK_PASSWORD":
Toast.makeText(this, "The given password is invalid.", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
break;
//and other
错误代码：https://***.com/a/38244409/2425851
【讨论】：
【参考方案14】：过去我们使用 getErrorCode() 来获取错误类型并优雅地失败。对于较新版本的 api，不推荐使用 getErrorCode()。我们应该使用 response.getError().getErrorCode() 来代替
com.firebase.ui.auth.IdpResponse
@Deprecated
public int getErrorCode()
Get the error code for a failed sign in
Deprecated use getError() instead
所以例如
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data)
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
if (requestCode == RC_SIGN_IN)
IdpResponse response = IdpResponse.fromResultIntent(data);
// Successfully signed in
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK)
//dbHandler = DBMS.getInstance(this);
FirebaseAuth auth = FirebaseAuth.getInstance();
FirebaseUser user = auth.getCurrentUser();
FirebaseUserMetadata metadata = auth.getCurrentUser().getMetadata();
// initialize profile first
if (metadata.getCreationTimestamp() == metadata.getLastSignInTimestamp())
//start main activity after profile setup
startActivity(new Intent(this, MainActivity.class));
return;
else
// This is an existing user
// show them a welcome back screen.
startActivity(new Intent(this, MainActivity.class));
return;
else
// Sign in failed
// check response for error code
if (response == null)
// User pressed back button
showSnackbar(R.string.sign_in_cancelled);
return;
if (response.getError().getErrorCode() == ErrorCodes.NO_NETWORK)
showSnackbar(R.string.no_internet_connection);
return;
if (response.getError().getErrorCode() == ErrorCodes.UNKNOWN_ERROR)
showSnackbar(R.string.unknown_error);
return;
showSnackbar(R.string.unknown_sign_in_response);
【讨论】：
【参考方案15】：尝试以下方法：
if (task.isSuccessful())
//Toast.makeText(getContext(),"Registration successful", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
try
Toast.makeText(getContext(),"Registration successful", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
throw task.getException();
// if user enters wrong email.
catch (FirebaseAuthWeakPasswordException weakPassword)
Log.d("Registration Error", "onComplete: weak_password");
// TODO: take your actions!
// if user enters wrong password.
catch (FirebaseAuthInvalidCredentialsException malformedEmail)
Log.d("Registration Error", "onComplete: malformed_email");
// TODO: Take your action
catch (FirebaseAuthUserCollisionException existEmail)
Log.d("Registration Error", "onComplete: exist_email");
// TODO: Take your action
catch (Exception e)
Log.d("Registration Error", "onComplete: " + e.getMessage());
else
//Toast.makeText(getContext(), "ERROR, Please try again.", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Toast.makeText(getContext(), task.getException().getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
【讨论】：
【参考方案16】：有太多 Firebase 身份验证异常需要处理，我不确定处理所有这些异常是否是一件好事，因为要添加大量代码（正如您从其他答案中看到的那样）。
Task<AuthResult.isSuccessful() 返回 false 后，我刚刚得到了一个 FirebaseTooManyRequestsException：
firebaseAuth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(email, password)
.addOnCompleteListener
if (it.isSuccessful)
[...]
else
[FirebaseTooManyRequestsException and others that can be returned here]
com.google.firebase.FirebaseTooManyRequestsException: We have blocked all requests from this device due to unusual activity. Try again later. [ Access to this account has been temporarily disabled due to many failed login attempts. You can immediately restore it by resetting your password or you can try again later. ]
因此，如果您想捕获所有这些，或者至少是那些对您的逻辑更重要的，我希望将另一个 FirebaseAuth 异常添加到此列表中对您有所帮助。
【讨论】：
【参考方案17】：你可以用这个：
mAuth.getCurrentUser().linkWithCredential(authCredential)
.addOnCompleteListener(this, new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>()
@Override
public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task)
if (task.isSuccessful())
Log.d(TAG, "linkWithCredential:success");
else
Log.w(TAG, "linkWithCredential:failure", task.getException());
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Authentication failed. " + task.getException().toString, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
// ...
);
【讨论】：
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