在 Java 中解码 Base64 数据

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【中文标题】在 Java 中解码 Base64 数据【英文标题】:Decode Base64 data in Java 【发布时间】:2010-10-02 22:50:52 【问题描述】:

我有一张经过 Base64 编码的图像。在 Java 中解码的最佳方法是什么?希望只使用 Sun Java 6 附带的库。

【问题讨论】:

无论您使用什么类型的应用程序(实验与否),它就像使用这里的代码在您的 utils 包中创建一个 Base64.java 文件一样简单:migbase64.sourceforge.net 看看性能图表并注意差异:快 4-5 倍。 仅供参考:JEP 135 建议在 Java 平台中为此引入一个标准的、可发现的 API。 进展情况:mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/core-libs-dev/2012-October/… 这是我最近一起完成的另一个实现:github.com/n1hility/playground/blob/master/src/main/java/org/… 请注意,如果您正在开发 android 应用,Google 已经这样做了:developer.android.com/reference/android/util/Base64.html 【参考方案1】:

Java 8 开始,有一个官方支持的用于 Base64 编码和解码的 API。 随着时间的推移,这可能会成为默认选择。

API 包括类java.util.Base64 及其嵌套类。它支持三种不同的风格:基本、URL 安全和 MIME。

使用“基本”编码的示例代码:

import java.util.Base64;

byte[] bytes = "Hello, World!".getBytes("UTF-8");
String encoded = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes);
byte[] decoded = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);

documentation for java.util.Base64 包含更多用于配置编码器和解码器以及使用不同类作为输入和输出(字节数组、字符串、ByteBuffers、java.io 流)的方法。

【讨论】:

我正在使用 Java 8。如果使用 Java 8,这是推荐的方法吗? @JohnMerlino 如果不需要与旧 Java 版本兼容,我建议使用此 API,因为 JRE 比大多数库具有更强的兼容性策略。此外,由于包含在 JRE 中,它不会以任何可能的方式限制您的依赖关系。 Java 7 已停产,Java 9 即将到来,这就是我的正确答案! 差不多好:它只接受原始 base64 流,不接受 base64 文件。我不得不改用final byte[] decoded = Base64.getMimeDecoder().decode(encoded);。不过还是谢谢! (commons-io FileUtils.readFileToByteArrayFileUtils.writeByteArrayToFile 很好——尤其是当您意识到 encoded 也可以是 byte[] 时。)【参考方案2】:

从 v6 开始,Java SE 附带 JAXB。 javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter 有静态方法可以让这一切变得简单。请参阅parseBase64Binary()printBase64Binary()

【讨论】:

但是,printBase64Binary(..) 方法似乎没有执行 Base64 的 MIME 版本(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64#MIME),而私有 Sun 和 Commons 实现使用它。具体来说,对于大于 76 个字符的字符串,会添加换行符。我没有找到如何为此行为配置 JAXB 的实现... :-( 然而,sun 实现将忽略换行符。所以它们是兼容的。 警告! parseBase64Binary 将静默跳过无效字符,并且不会检查 base64 的有效性。最好使用 Commons Codec 或 Guava Base64。请注意,Guava 拒绝换行符和空格字符,因此您需要解析省略空格的字符串:BaseEncoding.base64().decode(s.replaceAll("\\s", "")) 小心。此函数不适用于超过 65000 的数据。(java 版本 1.6) 不要使用它,因为你会在jdk 9中遇到问题:java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError(javax/xml/bind/DatatypeConverter)【参考方案3】:

无需使用公共资源——Sun 提供了一个带有 Java 的 base64 编码器。你可以这样导入它:

import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;

然后像这样使用它:

BASE64Decoder decoder = new BASE64Decoder();
byte[] decodedBytes = decoder.decodeBuffer(encodedBytes);

其中encodedBytesjava.lang.Stringjava.io.InputStream。请注意,sun.* 类不受 Sun 的“官方支持”。

编辑:谁知道这将是我发布过的最具争议的答案?我确实知道 sun.* 软件包不受支持或保证继续存在,而且我确实了解 Commons 并一直使用它。但是,发帖人要求提供一个“包含在 Sun Java 6 中”的类,而这正是我试图回答的问题。我同意 Commons 是总体上最好的方式。

编辑 2: 正如 amir75 在下面指出的那样,Java 6+ 附带 JAXB,其中包含支持的代码来编码/解码 Base64。请参阅下面的Jeremy Ross' answer。

【讨论】:

-1 - 这是 Sun 内部代码,不是 J2SE 的一部分(它,不可移植),并且可能随时消失 - Sun 明确表示不要在用户代码中使用其内部库 是的,因此我在最后的免责声明。 这是一个短期项目,只是一个实验,不想通过审批新图书馆的过程。所以这是这个问题的正确答案。 Bzzt。在专业环境中,使用不受支持的、未记录的功能绝不是正确的决定。在企业环境中,“实验”变成了“生产代码”,没有机会修复这些漏洞。 在一个研究部门,该代码被标记为实验,当它被标记时总是被废弃,这是正确的决定。【参考方案4】:

具体在Commons Codec:类Base64decode(byte[] array)encode(byte[] array)

【讨论】:

您可以将文本“Commons Codec”链接到项目页面。这样这个答案会比凯文的更好:) 我知道这是一个老问题,但为什么这不是公认的答案?大多数 java 安装中不是都包含公共编解码器,并且使用的代码行数比滚动您自己的版本少得多吗? @LiHaoyi 这个问题询问的是 Sun 的 JDK 附带的库,它不包括 Commons 中的任何内容。 假道。这些方法不存在!【参考方案5】:

Guava 现在内置了 Base64 解码。

使用BaseEncoding.base64().decode()

至于处理输入使用中可能出现的空格

BaseEncoding.base64().decode(CharMatcher.WHITESPACE.removeFrom(...));

更多信息请见this discussion

【讨论】:

Guava 14 仍然是一个候选版本,但这仍然得到我的支持——当它达到任何体面的位置时,它应该是金色的 :-) Guava base64 解码器拒绝换行符和空格字符,因此您必须事先删除它们。【参考方案6】:

我的解决方案是最快最简单的。

public class MyBase64 

    private final static char[] ALPHABET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/".toCharArray();

    private static int[]  toInt   = new int[128];

    static 
        for(int i=0; i< ALPHABET.length; i++)
            toInt[ALPHABET[i]]= i;
        
    

    /**
     * Translates the specified byte array into Base64 string.
     *
     * @param buf the byte array (not null)
     * @return the translated Base64 string (not null)
     */
    public static String encode(byte[] buf)
        int size = buf.length;
        char[] ar = new char[((size + 2) / 3) * 4];
        int a = 0;
        int i=0;
        while(i < size)
            byte b0 = buf[i++];
            byte b1 = (i < size) ? buf[i++] : 0;
            byte b2 = (i < size) ? buf[i++] : 0;

            int mask = 0x3F;
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[(b0 >> 2) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[((b0 << 4) | ((b1 & 0xFF) >> 4)) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[((b1 << 2) | ((b2 & 0xFF) >> 6)) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[b2 & mask];
        
        switch(size % 3)
            case 1: ar[--a]  = '=';
            case 2: ar[--a]  = '=';
        
        return new String(ar);
    

    /**
     * Translates the specified Base64 string into a byte array.
     *
     * @param s the Base64 string (not null)
     * @return the byte array (not null)
     */
    public static byte[] decode(String s)
        int delta = s.endsWith( "==" ) ? 2 : s.endsWith( "=" ) ? 1 : 0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[s.length()*3/4 - delta];
        int mask = 0xFF;
        int index = 0;
        for(int i=0; i< s.length(); i+=4)
            int c0 = toInt[s.charAt( i )];
            int c1 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 1)];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c0 << 2) | (c1 >> 4)) & mask);
            if(index >= buffer.length)
                return buffer;
            
            int c2 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 2)];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c1 << 4) | (c2 >> 2)) & mask);
            if(index >= buffer.length)
                return buffer;
            
            int c3 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 3 )];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c2 << 6) | c3) & mask);
        
        return buffer;
     


【讨论】:

这不是越野车! - 阅读 javadoc cmets... decode(..) 的参数是 base64 字符串,而不仅仅是任何字符串。 byte[] b1 = 1,2,3; byte[] b2 = decode(encode(b1)); System.out.println(Arrays.equals( b1, b2 )); // => 真的 最快最简单的??重新发明***?! 我进行了一些测试,将这个类与 commons-codec 进行了比较,它似乎工作正常。我需要像这样简单的东西,因为我只需要 base64 编码并且不需要 commons-codec 提供的所有额外内容,谢谢。 这可信吗?如果您不想导入外部库,这似乎是最简单的。 它不适用于从 AES 算法获得的字节【参考方案7】:

这是我自己的实现,如果对某人有用的话:

public class Base64Coder 

    // The line separator string of the operating system.
    private static final String systemLineSeparator = System.getProperty("line.separator");

    // Mapping table from 6-bit nibbles to Base64 characters.
    private static final char[] map1 = new char[64];
       static 
          int i=0;
          for (char c='A'; c<='Z'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          for (char c='a'; c<='z'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          for (char c='0'; c<='9'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          map1[i++] = '+'; map1[i++] = '/'; 

    // Mapping table from Base64 characters to 6-bit nibbles.
    private static final byte[] map2 = new byte[128];
       static 
          for (int i=0; i<map2.length; i++) map2[i] = -1;
          for (int i=0; i<64; i++) map2[map1[i]] = (byte)i; 

    /**
    * Encodes a string into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted.
    * @param s  A String to be encoded.
    * @return   A String containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static String encodeString (String s) 
       return new String(encode(s.getBytes())); 

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base 64 format and breaks the output into lines of 76 characters.
    * This method is compatible with <code>sun.misc.BASE64Encoder.encodeBuffer(byte[])</code>.
    * @param in  An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @return    A String containing the Base64 encoded data, broken into lines.
    */
    public static String encodeLines (byte[] in) 
       return encodeLines(in, 0, in.length, 76, systemLineSeparator); 

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base 64 format and breaks the output into lines.
    * @param in            An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iOff          Offset of the first byte in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen          Number of bytes to be processed in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @param lineLen       Line length for the output data. Should be a multiple of 4.
    * @param lineSeparator The line separator to be used to separate the output lines.
    * @return              A String containing the Base64 encoded data, broken into lines.
    */
    public static String encodeLines (byte[] in, int iOff, int iLen, int lineLen, String lineSeparator) 
       int blockLen = (lineLen*3) / 4;
       if (blockLen <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
       int lines = (iLen+blockLen-1) / blockLen;
       int bufLen = ((iLen+2)/3)*4 + lines*lineSeparator.length();
       StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(bufLen);
       int ip = 0;
       while (ip < iLen) 
          int l = Math.min(iLen-ip, blockLen);
          buf.append (encode(in, iOff+ip, l));
          buf.append (lineSeparator);
          ip += l; 
       return buf.toString(); 

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in  An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @return    A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in) 
       return encode(in, 0, in.length); 

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in    An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iLen  Number of bytes to process in <code>in</code>.
    * @return      A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in, int iLen) 
       return encode(in, 0, iLen); 

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in    An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iOff  Offset of the first byte in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen  Number of bytes to process in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @return      A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in, int iOff, int iLen) 
       int oDataLen = (iLen*4+2)/3;       // output length without padding
       int oLen = ((iLen+2)/3)*4;         // output length including padding
       char[] out = new char[oLen];
       int ip = iOff;
       int iEnd = iOff + iLen;
       int op = 0;
       while (ip < iEnd) 
          int i0 = in[ip++] & 0xff;
          int i1 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] & 0xff : 0;
          int i2 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] & 0xff : 0;
          int o0 = i0 >>> 2;
          int o1 = ((i0 &   3) << 4) | (i1 >>> 4);
          int o2 = ((i1 & 0xf) << 2) | (i2 >>> 6);
          int o3 = i2 & 0x3F;
          out[op++] = map1[o0];
          out[op++] = map1[o1];
          out[op] = op < oDataLen ? map1[o2] : '='; op++;
          out[op] = op < oDataLen ? map1[o3] : '='; op++; 
       return out; 

    /**
    * Decodes a string from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   A String containing the decoded data.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static String decodeString (String s) 
       return new String(decode(s)); 

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format and ignores line separators, tabs and blanks.
    * CR, LF, Tab and Space characters are ignored in the input data.
    * This method is compatible with <code>sun.misc.BASE64Decoder.decodeBuffer(String)</code>.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decodeLines (String s) 
       char[] buf = new char[s.length()];
       int p = 0;
       for (int ip = 0; ip < s.length(); ip++) 
          char c = s.charAt(ip);
          if (c != ' ' && c != '\r' && c != '\n' && c != '\t')
             buf[p++] = c; 
       return decode(buf, 0, p); 

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (String s) 
       return decode(s.toCharArray()); 

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param in  A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    * @return    An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws    IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (char[] in) 
       return decode(in, 0, in.length); 

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param in    A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    * @param iOff  Offset of the first character in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen  Number of characters to process in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @return      An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws      IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (char[] in, int iOff, int iLen) 
       if (iLen%4 != 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Length of Base64 encoded input string is not a multiple of 4.");
       while (iLen > 0 && in[iOff+iLen-1] == '=') iLen--;
       int oLen = (iLen*3) / 4;
       byte[] out = new byte[oLen];
       int ip = iOff;
       int iEnd = iOff + iLen;
       int op = 0;
       while (ip < iEnd) 
          int i0 = in[ip++];
          int i1 = in[ip++];
          int i2 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] : 'A';
          int i3 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] : 'A';
          if (i0 > 127 || i1 > 127 || i2 > 127 || i3 > 127)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Illegal character in Base64 encoded data.");
          int b0 = map2[i0];
          int b1 = map2[i1];
          int b2 = map2[i2];
          int b3 = map2[i3];
          if (b0 < 0 || b1 < 0 || b2 < 0 || b3 < 0)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Illegal character in Base64 encoded data.");
          int o0 = ( b0       <<2) | (b1>>>4);
          int o1 = ((b1 & 0xf)<<4) | (b2>>>2);
          int o2 = ((b2 &   3)<<6) |  b3;
          out[op++] = (byte)o0;
          if (op<oLen) out[op++] = (byte)o1;
          if (op<oLen) out[op++] = (byte)o2; 
       return out; 

    // Dummy constructor.
    private Base64Coder() 

【讨论】:

【参考方案8】:

作为sun.misc.BASE64Decoder 或非核心库的替代方案,请查看javax.mail.internet.MimeUtility.decode()

public static byte[] encode(byte[] b) throws Exception 
    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    OutputStream b64os = MimeUtility.encode(baos, "base64");
    b64os.write(b);
    b64os.close();
    return baos.toByteArray();

public static byte[] decode(byte[] b) throws Exception 
    ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(b);
    InputStream b64is = MimeUtility.decode(bais, "base64");
    byte[] tmp = new byte[b.length];
    int n = b64is.read(tmp);
    byte[] res = new byte[n];
    System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, res, 0, n);
    return res;

完整代码链接:Encode/Decode to/from Base64

【讨论】:

javax.mail 不是核心的一部分。 javax.mail.internet.MimeUtility 包含在 appengine-api.jar 中【参考方案9】:

另一个迟到的答案,但我的基准测试显示Jetty's implementation of Base64 编码器非常快。不如MiGBase64 快,但比iHarder Base64 快。

import org.eclipse.jetty.util.B64Code;

final String decoded = B64Code.decode(encoded, "UTF-8");

我也做了一些基准测试:

      library     |    encode    |    decode   
------------------+--------------+-------------
 'MiGBase64'      |  10146001.00 |  6426446.00
 'Jetty B64Code'  |   8846191.00 |  3101361.75
 'iHarder Base64' |   3259590.50 |  2505280.00
 'Commons-Codec'  |    241318.04 |   255179.96

这些是运行/秒,所以越高越好。

【讨论】:

【参考方案10】:

鉴于javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter 使用方法parseBase64Binary() 和printBase64Binary() 参考@jeremy-ross 和@nightfirecat 答案的测试 编码/解码示例。

@Test
public void EncodeDecode() 
    //ENCODE
    String hello = "Hello World";
    byte[] helloBytes = hello.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    String encodedHello = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(helloBytes);
    LOGGER.info(hello + " encoded=> " + encodedHello);

    //DECODE
    byte[] encodedHelloBytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(encodedHello);
    String helloAgain = new String(encodedHelloBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8) ;
    LOGGER.info(encodedHello + " decoded=> " + helloAgain);

    Assert.assertEquals(hello, helloAgain);

结果:

INFO - Hello World encoded=> SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=
INFO - SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ= decoded=> Hello World

【讨论】:

【参考方案11】:

使用 Java 8 -

    public static String encodeString(String plainString) 
        return  Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(plainString.getBytes());
    

    public static String decodeString(String encodedString) 
        byte[] bytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encodedString);
        return new String(bytes);
    

【讨论】:

【参考方案12】:

如果您更喜欢基于性能的解决方案,那么您可以使用“MiGBase64”

http://migbase64.sourceforge.net/

public class Base64Test 
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    String encodeToString = Base64.encodeToString("JavaTips.net".getBytes(), true);
    System.out.println("encodeToString " + encodeToString);
    byte[] decodedBytes = Base64.decode(encodeToString.getBytes());
    System.out.println("decodedBytes " + new String(decodedBytes));
    

【讨论】:

MiGBase64 易于使用、编码良好且速度极快。很好的发现,Imby。 根据this benchmark MiGBase64 不再是最快的实现,现在它明显落后于 Apache Commons 和 sun.misc.BASE64Decoder。【参考方案13】:

你可以试试这个。

byte[] data = Base64.getDecoder().decode(base64fileContent);

Base64.getDecode() 返回一个可以解码的 Base64 解码器。然后你需要使用.decode(&lt;your base64&gt;)再次解码。

【讨论】:

【参考方案14】:

这是一个迟到的答案,但 Joshua Bloch 在 java.util.prefs 包下提交了他的 Base64 课程(当时他为 Sun、ahem、Oracle 工作)。这个类从 JDK 1.4 开始就存在了。

例如

String currentString = "Hello World";
String base64String = java.util.prefs.Base64.byteArrayToBase64(currentString.getBytes("UTF-8"));

【讨论】:

不幸的是 Base64 类具有默认可见性,因此它几乎不是公共 API。 为什么不直接参考java.util.Base64 @LukasEder,这是因为java.util.Base64 是在 JDK 8(及更高版本)中发布的。它在早期版本中不存在。【参考方案15】:

希望对你有帮助:

import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;
String str="Hello World";
String base64_str=Base64.encode(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));

或者:

String str="Hello World";
String base64_str="";
try
   base64_str=(String)Class.forName("java.util.prefs.Base64").getDeclaredMethod("byteArrayToBase64", new Class[]byte[].class).invoke(null, new Object[]str.getBytes("UTF-8"));
   
catch (Exception ee) 

java.util.prefs.Base64 在本地 rt.jar 上工作,

但它不在The JRE Class White List

而不是Available classes not listed in the GAE/J white-list

真可惜!

附言。在 android 中,这很容易,因为 android.util.Base64 自 Android API 级别 8 起已包含在内。

【讨论】:

【参考方案16】:

您可以从编码的 Base64 字符串写入或下载文件:

Base64 base64 = new Base64(); 
String encodedFile="JVBERi0xLjUKJeLjz9MKMSAwIG9iago8PCAKICAgL1R5cGUgL0NhdGFsb2cKICAgL1BhZ2VzIDIgMCBSCiAgIC9QYWdlTGF5b3V0IC9TaW5"; 
              byte[] dd=encodedFile.getBytes();
            byte[] bytes = Base64.decodeBase64(dd);

 response.setHeader("Content-disposition", "attachment; filename=\""+filename+"\"");
            response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
            response.setHeader("Expires", "-1");

            // actually send result bytes
            response.getOutputStream().write(bytes);

为我工作,希望也为你工作......

【讨论】:

【参考方案17】:

java.util.Base64 的 Java 8 实现不依赖于其他 Java 8 特定类。

我不确定这是否适用于 Java 6 项目,但可以将 Base64.java 文件复制并粘贴到 Java 7 项目中,然后除了导入 java.util.Arrays 和 @ 之外无需修改即可编译它987654323@.

注意 Base64.java 文件被 GNU GPL2 覆盖

【讨论】:

【参考方案18】:

我使用了android.util.base64,它在没有任何依赖的情况下工作得很好:

用法:

byte[] decodedKey = Base64.decode(encodedPublicKey, Base64.DEFAULT);

包 com.test;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

/**
 * Utilities for encoding and decoding the Base64 representation of
 * binary data.  See RFCs <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">2045</a> and <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3548.txt">3548</a>.
 */
public class Base64 

    public static final int DEFAULT = 0;


    public static final int NO_PADDING = 1;


    public static final int NO_WRAP = 2;


    public static final int CRLF = 4;


    public static final int URL_SAFE = 8;


    public static final int NO_CLOSE = 16;

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  shared code
    //  --------------------------------------------------------

    /* package */ static abstract class Coder 
        public byte[] output;
        public int op;

        public abstract boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish);


        public abstract int maxOutputSize(int len);
    

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  decoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------


    public static byte[] decode(String str, int flags) 
        return decode(str.getBytes(), flags);
    

    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int flags) 
        return decode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    


    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) 
        // Allocate space for the most data the input could represent.
        // (It could contain less if it contains whitespace, etc.)
        Decoder decoder = new Decoder(flags, new byte[len*3/4]);

        if (!decoder.process(input, offset, len, true)) 
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad base-64");
        

        // Maybe we got lucky and allocated exactly enough output space.
        if (decoder.op == decoder.output.length) 
            return decoder.output;
        

        // Need to shorten the array, so allocate a new one of the
        // right size and copy.
        byte[] temp = new byte[decoder.op];
        System.arraycopy(decoder.output, 0, temp, 0, decoder.op);
        return temp;
    

   static class Decoder extends Coder        
        private static final int DECODE[] = 
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        ;

        /**
         * Decode lookup table for the "web safe" variant (RFC 3548
         * sec. 4) where - and _ replace + and /.
         */
        private static final int DECODE_WEBSAFE[] = 
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        ;

        /** Non-data values in the DECODE arrays. */
        private static final int SKIP = -1;
        private static final int EQUALS = -2;


        private int state;   // state number (0 to 6)
        private int value;

        final private int[] alphabet;

        public Decoder(int flags, byte[] output) 
            this.output = output;

            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? DECODE : DECODE_WEBSAFE;
            state = 0;
            value = 0;
        


        public int maxOutputSize(int len) 
            return len * 3/4 + 10;
        

        /**
         * Decode another block of input data.
         *
         * @return true if the state machine is still healthy.  false if
         *         bad base-64 data has been detected in the input stream.
         */
        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) 
            if (this.state == 6) return false;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;

            int state = this.state;
            int value = this.value;
            int op = 0;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            final int[] alphabet = this.alphabet;

            while (p < len)                 
                if (state == 0) 
                    while (p+4 <= len &&
                           (value = ((alphabet[input[p] & 0xff] << 18) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+1] & 0xff] << 12) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+2] & 0xff] << 6) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+3] & 0xff]))) >= 0) 
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        p += 4;
                    
                    if (p >= len) break;
                

                int d = alphabet[input[p++] & 0xff];

                switch (state) 
                case 0:
                    if (d >= 0) 
                        value = d;
                        ++state;
                     else if (d != SKIP) 
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (d >= 0) 
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                     else if (d != SKIP) 
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (d >= 0) 
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                     else if (d == EQUALS) 
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect exactly one more padding character.
                        output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                        state = 4;
                     else if (d != SKIP) 
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    
                    break;

                case 3:
                    if (d >= 0) 
                        // Emit the output triple and return to state 0.
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        state = 0;
                     else if (d == EQUALS) 
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect no further data or padding characters.
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                        op += 2;
                        state = 5;
                     else if (d != SKIP) 
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    
                    break;

                case 4:
                    if (d == EQUALS) 
                        ++state;
                     else if (d != SKIP) 
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    
                    break;

                case 5:
                    if (d != SKIP) 
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    
                    break;
                
            

            if (!finish) 
                // We're out of input, but a future call could provide
                // more.
                this.state = state;
                this.value = value;
                this.op = op;
                return true;
            


            switch (state) 
            case 0:
                break;
            case 1:
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 2:
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                break;
            case 3:
               output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                break;
            case 4:
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 5:
                break;
            

            this.state = state;
            this.op = op;
            return true;
        
    

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  encoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------    
    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int flags) 
        try 
            return new String(encode(input, flags), "US-ASCII");
         catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) 
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        
    


    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) 
        try 
            return new String(encode(input, offset, len, flags), "US-ASCII");
         catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) 
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        
    


    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int flags) 
        return encode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    


    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) 
        Encoder encoder = new Encoder(flags, null);

        // Compute the exact length of the array we will produce.
        int output_len = len / 3 * 4;

        // Account for the tail of the data and the padding bytes, if any.
        if (encoder.do_padding) 
            if (len % 3 > 0) 
                output_len += 4;
            
         else 
            switch (len % 3) 
                case 0: break;
                case 1: output_len += 2; break;
                case 2: output_len += 3; break;
            
        

        // Account for the newlines, if any.
        if (encoder.do_newline && len > 0) 
            output_len += (((len-1) / (3 * Encoder.LINE_GROUPS)) + 1) *
                (encoder.do_cr ? 2 : 1);
        

        encoder.output = new byte[output_len];
        encoder.process(input, offset, len, true);

        assert encoder.op == output_len;

        return encoder.output;
    

    /* package */ static class Encoder extends Coder 
        /**
         * Emit a new line every this many output tuples.  Corresponds to
         * a 76-character line length (the maximum allowable according to
         * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>).
         */
        public static final int LINE_GROUPS = 19;

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE[] = 
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/',
        ;

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE_WEBSAFE[] = 
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_',
        ;

        final private byte[] tail;
        /* package */ int tailLen;
        private int count;

        final public boolean do_padding;
        final public boolean do_newline;
        final public boolean do_cr;
        final private byte[] alphabet;

        public Encoder(int flags, byte[] output) 
            this.output = output;

            do_padding = (flags & NO_PADDING) == 0;
            do_newline = (flags & NO_WRAP) == 0;
            do_cr = (flags & CRLF) != 0;
            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? ENCODE : ENCODE_WEBSAFE;

            tail = new byte[2];
            tailLen = 0;

            count = do_newline ? LINE_GROUPS : -1;
        

        /**
         * @return an overestimate for the number of bytes @code
         * len bytes could encode to.
         */
        public int maxOutputSize(int len) 
            return len * 8/5 + 10;
        

        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) 
            // Using local variables makes the encoder about 9% faster.
            final byte[] alphabet = this.alphabet;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            int op = 0;
            int count = this.count;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;
            int v = -1;

            // First we need to concatenate the tail of the previous call
            // with any input bytes available now and see if we can empty
            // the tail.

            switch (tailLen) 
                case 0:
                    // There was no tail.
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (p+2 <= len) 
                        // A 1-byte tail with at least 2 bytes of
                        // input available now.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((input[p++] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    ;
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (p+1 <= len) 
                        // A 2-byte tail with at least 1 byte of input.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((tail[1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    
                    break;
            

            if (v != -1) 
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                if (--count == 0) 
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                
            

            // At this point either there is no tail, or there are fewer
            // than 3 bytes of input available.

            // The main loop, turning 3 input bytes into 4 output bytes on
            // each iteration.
            while (p+3 <= len) 
                v = ((input[p] & 0xff) << 16) |
                    ((input[p+1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                    (input[p+2] & 0xff);
                output[op] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op+1] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op+2] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op+3] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                p += 3;
                op += 4;
                if (--count == 0) 
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                
            

            if (finish) 

                if (p-tailLen == len-1) 
                    int t = 0;
                    v = ((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 4;
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) 
                        output[op++] = '=';
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    
                    if (do_newline) 
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    
                 else if (p-tailLen == len-2) 
                    int t = 0;
                    v = (((tailLen > 1 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 10) |
                        (((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 2);
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) 
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    
                    if (do_newline) 
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    
                 else if (do_newline && op > 0 && count != LINE_GROUPS) 
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                

                assert tailLen == 0;
                assert p == len;
             else 
                // Save the leftovers in tail to be consumed on the next
                // call to encodeInternal.

                if (p == len-1) 
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                 else if (p == len-2) 
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p+1];
                
            

            this.op = op;
            this.count = count;

            return true;
        
    

    private Base64()     // don't instantiate

【讨论】:

【参考方案19】:

在使用 Java 7 编译但可能在更高 Java 版本中运行的代码中,检测 java.util.Base64 类的存在并使用最适合此处其他问题中提到的给定 JVM 的方法似乎很有用。

我使用了这个代码:

private static final Method JAVA_UTIL_BASE64_GETENCODER;

static 
    Method getEncoderMethod;
    try 
        final Class<?> base64Class = Class.forName("java.util.Base64");
        getEncoderMethod = base64Class.getMethod("getEncoder");
     catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException e) 
        getEncoderMethod = null;
    
    JAVA_UTIL_BASE64_GETENCODER = getEncoderMethod;


static String base64EncodeToString(String s) 
    final byte[] bytes = s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1);
    if (JAVA_UTIL_BASE64_GETENCODER == null) 
        // Java 7 and older // TODO: remove this branch after switching to Java 8
        return DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(bytes);
     else 
        // Java 8 and newer
        try 
            final Object encoder = JAVA_UTIL_BASE64_GETENCODER.invoke(null);
            final Class<?> encoderClass = encoder.getClass();
            final Method encodeMethod = encoderClass.getMethod("encode", byte[].class);
            final byte[] encodedBytes = (byte[]) encodeMethod.invoke(encoder, bytes);
            return new String(encodedBytes);
         catch (NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) 
            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
        
    

【讨论】:

【参考方案20】:
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Base64;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
/***
 * 
 * @author Vaquar khan
 * 
 *
 */
public class AES 

    private static SecretKeySpec secretKey;
    private static final String VK_secretKey = "VaquarKhan-secrate-key!!!!";
    private static byte[] key;

    /**
     * 
     * @param myKey
     */
    public static void setKey(String myKey) 
        MessageDigest sha = null;
        try 
            key = myKey.getBytes("UTF-8");
            sha = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");
            key = sha.digest(key);
            key = Arrays.copyOf(key, 16);
            secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");
         catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) 
            e.printStackTrace();
         catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) 
            e.printStackTrace();
        
    
/**
 * encrypt
 * @param strToEncrypt
 * @param secret
 * @return
 */
    public static String encrypt(String strToEncrypt, String secret) 
        try 
            setKey(secret);
            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
            return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(cipher.doFinal(strToEncrypt.getBytes("UTF-8")));
         catch (Exception e) 
            System.out.println("Error while encrypting: " + e.toString());
        
        return null;
    
/**
 * decrypt
 * @param strToDecrypt
 * @param secret
 * @return
 */
    public static String decrypt(String strToDecrypt, String secret) 
        try 
            setKey(secret);
            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5PADDING");
            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
            return new String(cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(strToDecrypt)));
         catch (Exception e) 
            System.out.println("Error while decrypting: " + e.toString());
        
        return null;
    

    public static void main(String[] args) 
        final String secretKey = VK_secretKey;
        String password = "VKhan@12";
        //
        String encryptedString = AES.encrypt(password, secretKey);
        String decryptedString = AES.decrypt(encryptedString, secretKey);
        //
        System.out.println(password);
        System.out.println(encryptedString);
        System.out.println(decryptedString);
    


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