tkinter: 基本+Button+Layout

Posted 2022-12-19 SilentLittleCat

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简介

Tcl
- 动态解释型编程语言
- 可独立执行，多嵌入C程序中作为脚本引擎，或者作为使用Tk工具包的接口
- Tcl库可以创建一个或多个Tcl解释器实例，然后在这些实例上运行C或Tcl命令和脚本
- 每个解释器有一个事件队列，接受事件并处理他们
Tk
- 用C语言实现的一个Tcl包
- 添加了自定义命令创建和操作GUI组件
- 是唯一一个专门为高级动态语言(如 Python、 Tcl、 Ruby、 Perl 等)设计的跨平台(Windows、 Mac、 Unix)图形用户界面工具包
- Tk的组件可以支持丰富的自定义，但风格比较过时
- 使用Tcl的事件队列生成和处理GUI事件
Ttk
- 主体化Tk（Themed Tk）
- 相比经典Tk，提供更新的Tk组件，提供更好的样式
Tkinter是Python 的标准 Tk GUI 工具包的接口，可以实现简单的跨平台GUI程序
Tkinter 是 Python 内置的标准 GUI 库，无需额外安装
Python2.x 版本使用的库名为 Tkinter
Python3.x 版本使用的库名为 tkinter

参考

Python GUI编程(Tkinter) 菜鸟教程
 TkDocs
TkDocs Tutorial
TkDocs reference
Python interface to Tcl/Tk
Tk Commands

Button

Python2.x vs Python3.x

Python2.x	Python3.x
Tkinter	tkinter
ScrolledText	tkinter.scrolledtext
ttk	tkinter.ttk
tkMesageBox	tkinter.messagebox
tkAxxBxx	tkinter.axxbxx

导入tkinter，处理下python2和python3的差异
继承Frame Class，初始化Frame，初始化其他参数
获取屏幕大小，设置App大小为屏幕大小的百分之80
设置App标题
以自身为master创建控件，配置控件，监听处理控件事件
放置控件，pack()或grid()或place()
程序进入主循环，显示程序mainloop()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys

if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    import Tkinter as tk     ## Python 2.x
    import tkFont as tk_font
    import tkMessageBox as tk_messagebox
else:
    import tkinter as tk     ## Python 3.x
    import tkinter.font as tk_font
    import tkinter.messagebox as tk_messagebox


class App(tk.Frame):

	def __init__(self, master=None):

		tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)

		self.font = tk_font.Font(family='Helvetica', size=36, weight='bold')

		self.config(bg='black')

		self.setScreenSize()

		# self        = tk.Frame()
		# self.master = tk.Tk()
		self.master.title("ButtonTest")

		self.createWidgets()

	def setScreenSize(self):
		ratio = 0.8
		screen_h = self.master.winfo_screenheight()
		screen_w = self.master.winfo_screenwidth()

		# print(screen_h, screen_w)
		app_h = round(screen_h * ratio)
		app_w = round(screen_w * ratio)

		y = round(screen_h * (1 - ratio) / 2.0)
		x = round(screen_w * (1 - ratio) / 2.0)

		geometry = '' + str(app_w) + 'x' + str(app_h) + '+' + str(x) + '+' + str(y)
		# print(geometry)
		self.master.geometry(geometry)

	def createWidgets(self):

		self.button = tk.Button(self, text="hello", bg="red", fg="#0000FF", font=self.font, command=self.helloCallBack)

		self.draw()

	def helloCallBack(self):

		tk_messagebox.showinfo("Title", "Message")

	def draw(self):

		self.pack(padx=50, pady=50)

		self.button.pack(padx=50, pady=50)

		self.mainloop()

if __name__ == '__main__':

	App()

Layout

我们尝试实现一个如下的布局来学习tkinter的布局

pack

pack CMD
anchor + side定位

anchor
- 组件放在父组件的什么位置，上下左右搭配8个方向，然后还有中间
- s要搭配side=bottom，不然跟n效果一样
side
- 放在上一个组件的上下左右，比如left，就是放在上一个组件左边

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys
import random

if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    import Tkinter as tk     ## Python 2.x
    import tkMessageBox as tk_messagebox
else:
    import tkinter as tk     ## Python 3.x
    import tkinter.messagebox as tk_messagebox


class App(tk.Frame):

	def __init__(self, master=None):

		tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)

		self.master.title("pack")

		self.font = 'Times 20 bold'

		self.config(height=600, width=600)

		self.createWidgets()

	def createWidgets(self):

		self.createFrame1()
		self.createFrame2()
		self.createFrame3()
		self.draw()

	def createFrame1(self):
		frame = tk.Frame(self, height=200, width=800)
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='NW')
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='N')
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='NE')
		frame.pack()
		frame.pack_propagate(0)

	def createFrame2(self):
		frame = tk.Frame(self, height=200, width=800)
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='W', side='left')
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='CENTER', side=None)
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='E', side='right')
		frame.pack()
		frame.pack_propagate(0)

	def createFrame3(self):
		frame = tk.Frame(self, height=200, width=800)
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='SW', side='bottom')
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='S', side='bottom')
		self.createBtn(frame, anchor='SE', side='bottom')
		frame.pack(side='bottom')
		frame.pack_propagate(0)

	def createBtn(self, parent, anchor, side='top'):
		bg = self.getRandColor()
		frame = tk.Frame(parent, height=200, width=200, bg=bg)
		button = tk.Button(frame, text=anchor)
		frame.pack(side='left')
		frame.pack_propagate(0)
		if(anchor == 'CENTER'):
			button.pack(padx=50, pady=50, expand=True)
		else:
			button.pack(anchor=anchor.lower(), side=side)

	def getRandColor(self):
		return '#' + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB()

	def getRandRGB(self):
		return ':02X'.format(random.randint(0, 255))

	def helloCallBack(self):

		tk_messagebox.showinfo("Title", "Message")

	def draw(self):

		self.pack()
		self.pack_propagate(0)

		self.mainloop()

if __name__ == '__main__':

	App()

假设我只想用一个Frame，就会显得很奇怪

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys
import random

if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    import Tkinter as tk     ## Python 2.x
    import tkMessageBox as tk_messagebox
else:
    import tkinter as tk     ## Python 3.x
    import tkinter.messagebox as tk_messagebox


class App(tk.Frame):

	def __init__(self, master=None):

		tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)

		self.master.title("pack")

		self.font = 'Times 20 bold'

		self.config(height=600, width=600)

		self.createWidgets()

	def createWidgets(self):

		self.createBtn(self, anchor='W', side='left')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='NW', side='top')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='N', side='top')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='NE', side='top')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='CENTER', side='bottom')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='SW', side='bottom')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='S', side='bottom')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='SE', side='bottom')
		self.createBtn(self, anchor='E', side='right')
		self.draw()

	def createBtn(self, parent, anchor, side='top'):
		bg = self.getRandColor()
		button = tk.Button(parent, text=anchor, bg=self.getRandColor())
		if(anchor == 'CENTER'):
			button.pack(padx=50, pady=50, expand=True)
		else:
			button.pack(anchor=anchor.lower(), side=side)

	def getRandColor(self):
		return '#' + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB()

	def getRandRGB(self):
		return ':02X'.format(random.randint(0, 255))

	def helloCallBack(self):

		tk_messagebox.showinfo("Title", "Message")

	def draw(self):

		self.pack()
		self.pack_propagate(0)

		self.mainloop()

if __name__ == '__main__':

	App()

place

x，y
- 绝对定位
relx，rely
- 相对定义，relx=0就是最左，relx=1就是最右

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys
import random

if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    import Tkinter as tk     ## Python 2.x
    import tkMessageBox as tk_messagebox
else:
    import tkinter as tk     ## Python 3.x
    import tkinter.messagebox as tk_messagebox


class App(tk.Frame):

	def __init__(self, master=None):

		tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)

		self.master.title("pack")

		self.font = 'Times 20 bold'

		self.config(height=600, width=600)

		self.createWidgets()

	def createWidgets(self):

		self.createBtn(0, 0, 'nw')
		self.createBtn(0.5, 0, 'n')
		self.createBtn(1, 0, 'ne')

		self.createBtn(0, 0.5, 'w')
		self.createBtn(0.5, 0.5, 'center')
		self.createBtn(1, 0.5, 'e')

		self.createBtn(0, 1, 'sw')
		self.createBtn(0.5, 1, 's')
		self.createBtn(1, 1, 'se')
		
		self.draw()

	def createBtn(self, x, y, anchor):
		button = tk.Button(self, text='(' + str(x) + ', ' + str(y) + ')', bg=self.getRandColor())
		button.place(relx=x, rely=y, anchor=anchor)

	def getRandColor(self):
		return '#' + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB()

	def getRandRGB(self):
		return ':02X'.format(random.randint(0, 255))


	def draw(self):

		self.pack()
		self.pack_propagate(0)

		self.mainloop()

if __name__ == '__main__':

	App()

grid

这个就是css中的table，比较简单了

row，rowspan
column，columnspan
sticky
- 组件大小小于父组件时怎么填充父组件
- nesw：水平垂直都拉伸填充
- ns：垂直填充
- ew：水平填充

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys
import random

if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    import Tkinter as tk     ## Python 2.x
    import tkMessageBox as tk_messagebox
else:
    import tkinter as tk     ## Python 3.x
    import tkinter.messagebox as tk_messagebox


class App(tk.Frame):

	def __init__(self, master=None):

		tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)

		self.master.title("pack")

		self.font = 'Times 20 bold'

		# self.config(height=600, width=600)

		self.createWidgets()

	def createWidgets(self):

		self.createBtn(0, 0, 1, 2)
		self.createBtn(0, 2, 2, 1)

		self.createBtn(1, 0, 2, 1)
		self.createBtn(1, 1)

		self.createBtn(2, 1, 1, 2)
		
		self.draw()

	def createBtn(self, row, col, rowspan = 1, colspan = 1):
		button = tk.Button(self, text='(' + str(row) + ', ' + str(col) + ')', bg=self.getRandColor(), width=20, height=8)
		button.grid(row=row, column=col, rowspan=rowspan, columnspan=colspan, sticky="nesw")

	def getRandColor(self):
		return '#' + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB() + self.getRandRGB()

	def getRandRGB(self):
		return ':02X'.format(random.randint(0, 255))


	def draw(self):

		self.pack()
		self.pack_propagate(0)

		self.mainloop()

if __name__ == '__main__':

	App()

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