设备驱动模型之device-driver
Posted Jarry_le
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前面我们分析了device、driver、bus三种类型,主要是三者的注册与注销,在sysfs中的目录与属性文件创建等内容。本节就来详细分析下,在设备注册到总线上时,总线是如何为其寻找对应的驱动的;在驱动注册到总线上时,总线又是如何为其寻找对应的设备的。本节的实现代码集中在drivers/base/bus.c和drivers/base/dd.c中。
先来回忆下,在device_register()->device_add()中,先是调用bus_add_device()添加device与bus间的联系,并添加bus为device定义的属性,然后会调用bus_probe_device()。bus_probe_device()会试图为已挂在总线上的该设备寻找对应的驱动。我们的故事就从这里开始。
- /**
- * bus_probe_device - probe drivers for a new device
- * @dev: device to probe
- *
- * - Automatically probe for a driver if the bus allows it.
- */
- void bus_probe_device(struct device *dev)
- struct bus_type *bus = dev->bus;
- int ret;
- if (bus && bus->p->drivers_autoprobe)
- ret = device_attach(dev);
- WARN_ON(ret < 0);
说到bus->p->drivers_autoprobe这个变量,它是在bus_type_private中的,在调用bus_register()前都初始化不了,在bus_register()中自动定为1。所以,除非是用户空间通过drivers_autoprobe属性文件主动禁止,bus总是允许自动探测的,所有的bus都是如此。
- /**
- * device_attach - try to attach device to a driver.
- * @dev: device.
- *
- * Walk the list of drivers that the bus has and call
- * driver_probe_device() for each pair. If a compatible
- * pair is found, break out and return.
- *
- * Returns 1 if the device was bound to a driver;
- * 0 if no matching driver was found;
- * -ENODEV if the device is not registered.
- *
- * When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held.
- */
- int device_attach(struct device *dev)
- int ret = 0;
- down(&dev->sem);
- if (dev->driver)
- ret = device_bind_driver(dev);
- if (ret == 0)
- ret = 1;
- else
- dev->driver = NULL;
- ret = 0;
- else
- pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
- ret = bus_for_each_drv(dev->bus, NULL, dev, __device_attach);
- pm_runtime_put_sync(dev);
- up(&dev->sem);
- return ret;
device_attach()在实际绑定之前,会用dev->sem进行加锁。不错,dev->sem几乎就是为了在设备与驱动绑定或者解除绑定时加锁用的。还没有看到它在其它地方被调用。
如果在调用device_attach()前就已经有了dev->driver(),就调用device_bind_driver()进行绑定,不然还要调用bus_for_each_drv()进行依次匹配。至于pm_runtime_get_noresume之类的函数,属于电源管理部分,我们现在先忽略。
- static void driver_bound(struct device *dev)
- if (klist_node_attached(&dev->p->knode_driver))
- printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: device %s already bound\\n",
- __func__, kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
- return;
- pr_debug("driver: '%s': %s: bound to device '%s'\\n", dev_name(dev),
- __func__, dev->driver->name);
- if (dev->bus)
- blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
- BUS_NOTIFY_BOUND_DRIVER, dev);
- klist_add_tail(&dev->p->knode_driver, &dev->driver->p->klist_devices);
- static int driver_sysfs_add(struct device *dev)
- int ret;
- ret = sysfs_create_link(&dev->driver->p->kobj, &dev->kobj,
- kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
- if (ret == 0)
- ret = sysfs_create_link(&dev->kobj, &dev->driver->p->kobj,
- "driver");
- if (ret)
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->driver->p->kobj,
- kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
- return ret;
- static void driver_sysfs_remove(struct device *dev)
- struct device_driver *drv = dev->driver;
- if (drv)
- sysfs_remove_link(&drv->p->kobj, kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "driver");
- /**
- * device_bind_driver - bind a driver to one device.
- * @dev: device.
- *
- * Allow manual attachment of a driver to a device.
- * Caller must have already set @dev->driver.
- *
- * Note that this does not modify the bus reference count
- * nor take the bus's rwsem. Please verify those are accounted
- * for before calling this. (It is ok to call with no other effort
- * from a driver's probe() method.)
- *
- * This function must be called with @dev->sem held.
- */
- int device_bind_driver(struct device *dev)
- int ret;
- ret = driver_sysfs_add(dev);
- if (!ret)
- driver_bound(dev);
- return ret;
其中drivers_sysfs_add()负责创建sysfs中driver和device指向对方的软链接。还有一个与它相对的函数drivers_sysfs_remove()。
driver_bound()则实际将device加入驱动的设备链表。
因为在调用device_bind_driver()之前就已经设置过dev->driver了,所以这样就将device和driver绑定了。
只是这样好像还缺少了什么,不错,之前看到driver时曾定义了drv->probe函数,bus->probe也有类似的功能,这里只是绑定,却没有调用probe函数。
让我们回过头来,继续看如果device_attach()中没有定义dev->driver会怎么样,是用bus_for_each_drv()对bus的驱动链表进行遍历,遍历函数使用__device_attach。
- static int __device_attach(struct device_driver *drv, void *data)
- struct device *dev = data;
- if (!driver_match_device(drv, dev))
- return 0;
- return driver_probe_device(drv, dev);
先来看匹配工作,这是在driver_match_device()中完成的。
- static inline int driver_match_device(struct device_driver *drv,
- struct device *dev)
- return drv->bus->match ? drv->bus->match(dev, drv) : 1;
- int driver_probe_device(struct device_driver *drv, struct device *dev)
- int ret = 0;
- if (!device_is_registered(dev))
- return -ENODEV;
- pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: matched device %s with driver %s\\n",
- drv->bus->name, __func__, dev_name(dev), drv->name);
- pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
- pm_runtime_barrier(dev);
- ret = really_probe(dev, drv);
- pm_runtime_put_sync(dev);
- return ret;
- static atomic_t probe_count = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
- static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(probe_waitqueue);
- static int really_probe(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
- int ret = 0;
- atomic_inc(&probe_count);
- pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: probing driver %s with device %s\\n",
- drv->bus->name, __func__, drv->name, dev_name(dev));
- WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dev->devres_head));
- dev->driver = drv;
- if (driver_sysfs_add(dev))
- printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_sysfs_add(%s) failed\\n",
- __func__, dev_name(dev));
- goto probe_failed;
- if (dev->bus->probe)
- ret = dev->bus->probe(dev);
- if (ret)
- goto probe_failed;
- else if (drv->probe)
- ret = drv->probe(dev);
- if (ret)
- goto probe_failed;
- driver_bound(dev);
- ret = 1;
- pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: bound device %s to driver %s\\n",
- drv->bus->name, __func__, dev_name(dev), drv->name);
- goto done;
- probe_failed:
- devres_release_all(dev);
- driver_sysfs_remove(dev);
- dev->driver = NULL;
- if (ret != -ENODEV && ret != -ENXIO)
- /* driver matched but the probe failed */
- printk(KERN_WARNING
- "%s: probe of %s failed with error %d\\n",
- drv->name, dev_name(dev), ret);
- /*
- * Ignore errors returned by ->probe so that the next driver can try
- * its luck.
- */
- ret = 0;
- done:
- atomic_dec(&probe_count);
- wake_up(&probe_waitqueue);
- return ret;
至于在really_probe()中使用probe_count保护,最后调用wake_up(&probe_waitqueue),都是为了进行同步。
- /**
- * driver_probe_done
- * Determine if the probe sequence is finished or not.
- *
- * Should somehow figure out how to use a semaphore, not an atomic variable...
- */
- int driver_probe_done(void)
- pr_debug("%s: probe_count = %d\\n", __func__,
- atomic_read(&probe_count));
- if (atomic_read(&probe_count))
- return -EBUSY;
- return 0;
- /**
- * wait_for_device_probe
- * Wait for device probing to be completed.
- */
- void wait_for_device_probe(void)
- /* wait for the known devices to complete their probing */
- wait_event(probe_waitqueue, atomic_read(&probe_count) == 0);
- async_synchronize_full();
wait_for_device_probe()会阻塞到所有的设备绑定完驱动。
关于bus_probe_device()的过程就分析到这里,下面来看下bus_add_driver()又是怎样做的。
之前我们已经知道driver_register()把绝大部分操作都移到了bus_add_driver()中来。其中只有一点和设备与驱动的绑定相关,就是对driver_attach()的调用。
- int driver_attach(struct device_driver *drv)
- return bus_for_each_dev(drv->bus, NULL, drv, __driver_attach);
- static int __driver_attach(struct device *dev, void *data)
- struct device_driver *drv = data;
- /*
- * Lock device and try to bind to it. We drop the error
- * here and always return 0, because we need to keep trying
- * to bind to devices and some drivers will return an error
- * simply if it didn't support the device.
- *
- * driver_probe_device() will spit a warning if there
- * is an error.
- */
- if (!driver_match_device(drv, dev))
- return 0;
- if (dev->parent) /* Needed for USB */
- down(&dev->parent->sem);
- down(&dev->sem);
- if (!dev->driver)
- driver_probe_device(drv, dev);
- up(&dev->sem);
- if (dev->parent)
- up(&dev->parent->sem);
- return 0;
然后依然是加锁,调用driver_probe_device()函数。这就与__device_attach()的路径一致了。
不要以为就这样结束了,现在我们只是看到了把device和driver绑定到一起的方法,却没有看到解除绑定的方法。
既然绑定的方法是在设备和驱动注册的时候调用的,那解除绑定自然是在设备或驱动注销的时候。
还是先来看设备的,device_unregister()->device_del()会调用bus_remove_device()将设备从总线上删除。
bus_remove_device()是与bus_add_device()相对的,但也不仅如此,它还调用了device_release_driver()来解除与driver的绑定。
- /**
- * device_release_driver - manually detach device from driver.
- * @dev: device.
- *
- * Manually detach device from driver.
- * When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held.
- */
- void device_release_driver(struct device *dev)
- /*
- * If anyone calls device_release_driver() recursively from
- * within their ->remove callback for the same device, they
- * will deadlock right here.
- */
- down(&dev->sem);
- __device_release_driver(dev);
- up(&dev->sem);
- /*
- * __device_release_driver() must be called with @dev->sem held.
- * When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held as well.
- */
- static void __device_release_driver(struct device *dev)
- struct device_driver *drv;
- drv = dev->driver;
- if (drv)
- pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
- pm_runtime_barrier(dev);
- driver_sysfs_remove(dev);
- if (dev->bus)
- blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
- BUS_NOTIFY_UNBIND_DRIVER,
- dev);
- if (dev->bus && dev->bus->remove)
- dev->bus->remove(dev);
- else if (drv->remove)
- drv->remove(dev);
- devres_release_all(dev);
- dev->driver = NULL;
- klist_remove(&dev->p->knode_driver);
- if (dev->bus)
- blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
- BUS_NOTIFY_UNBOUND_DRIVER,
- dev);
- pm_runtime_put_sync(dev);
除了sysfs和结构中解除绑定的操作,还调用了bus->remove或者driver->remove。
虽然device注销时与driver解除绑定很简单,但driver注销要与device解除绑定就要复杂一些,因为它要与设备链表上所有的设备解除绑定。
在driver_unregister()->bus_remove_driver()中,调用了driver_detach()函数。
- /**
- * driver_detach - detach driver from all devices it controls.
- * @drv: driver.
- */
- void driver_detach(struct device_driver *drv)
- struct device_private *dev_prv;
- struct device *dev;
- for (;;)
- spin_lock(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_lock);
- if (list_empty(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_list))
- spin_unlock(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_lock);
- break;
- dev_prv = list_entry(drv->p->klist_devices.k_list.prev,
- struct device_private,
- knode_driver.n_node);
- dev = dev_prv->device;
- get_device(dev);
- spin_unlock(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_lock);
- if (dev->parent) /* Needed for USB */
- down(&dev->parent->sem);
- down(&dev->sem);
- if (dev->driver == drv)
- __device_release_driver(dev);
- up(&dev->sem);
- if (dev->parent)
- up(&dev->parent->sem);
- put_device(dev);
或许会奇怪这里为什么会有get_device()和put_device()的操作。这是为了防止设备一取下链表,就会释放最后一个引用计数,导致直接注销。那时候的情况,一定是在占用了dev->sem的同时去等待dev->sem,通俗来说就是死锁。
通过driver_attach()和driver_detach()的训练,我们已经习惯在为设备加锁时,顺便为其父设备加锁。虽然在device_attach()和device_release_driver()中只是对设备本身加锁。或许是害怕在驱动与设备解除绑定的过程中,父设备突然也要解除绑定,导致不一致状态。为至于为什么设备方主动要求时不需要对父设备加锁,或许是设备的主动申请更靠谱,不会在子设备绑定或释放的同时,父设备也申请释放。总之,在linux看来,设备恐怕比驱动还要靠谱一些,从driver和bus的引用计数,从这里的加锁情况,都可以看出一二。
- void *dev_get_drvdata(const struct device *dev)
- if (dev && dev->p)
- return dev->p->driver_data;
- return NULL;
- void dev_set_drvdata(struct device *dev, void *data)
- int error;
- if (!dev)
- return;
- if (!dev->p)
- error = device_private_init(dev);
- if (error)
- return;
- dev->p->driver_data = data;
不要 小看这个device_private结构中小小的driver_data,在驱动编写中总能派上大用场。当然也不是说没有driver_data就过不下去,毕竟驱动可以定义一个自己的device结构,并把通用的struct device内嵌其中,然后想放多少数据都行。可那样太麻烦,许多驱动都要专门设置这样一个变量,索性加到通用的数据结构中。而且是直接加到device_private中,眼不见为净,方便省事。
- /**
- * device_reprobe - remove driver for a device and probe for a new driver
- * @dev: the device to reprobe
- *
- * This function detaches the attached driver (if any) for the given
- * device and restarts the driver probing process. It is intended
- * to use if probing criteria changed during a devices lifetime and
- * driver attachment should change accordingly.
- */
- int device_reprobe(struct device *dev)
- if (dev->driver)
- if (dev->parent) /* Needed for USB */
- down(&dev->parent->sem);
- device_release_driver(dev);
- if (dev->parent)
- up(&dev->parent->sem);
- return bus_rescan_devices_helper(dev, NULL);
- static int __must_check bus_rescan_devices_helper(struct device *dev,
- void *data)
- int ret = 0;
- if (!dev->driver)
- if (dev->parent) /* Needed for USB */
- down(&dev->parent->sem);
- ret = device_attach(dev);
- if (dev->parent)
- up(&dev->parent->sem);
- return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
我们终于成功完成了对dd.c的分析,并将bus.c剩余的部分结了尾。想必大家已经充分领略了device、driver和bus的铁三角结构,下节我们将进入设备驱动模型的另一方天地。
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