#盲盒+码##跟着小白一起学鸿蒙# [番外三]一起学做Tetris(上)

Posted 2022-12-03

作者：王石

简介

小时候有个游戏叫俄罗斯方块，大人小孩都喜欢玩，我们就一起看看如何能用OpenHarmony学习做个Tetris。

---

开发

1. HAP应用建立

《#跟着小白一起学鸿蒙#[六]如何编写一个hap应用》里我们介绍了简单的Hap应用的开发以及基础控件的介绍，这里我们就不赘述Hap项目的建立过程，以下就是基础的Hap的page文件：index.ets

  build() 
    Row() 
      Column() 
        Canvas(this.context)
          .width(100%)
          .height(100%)
          .onClick((ev: ClickEvent) => 
            console.info("click!!")
            this.doClick()
          )
          .onReady(() =>
            this.context.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
            this.randomType()
            this.drawall()
          )
      
      .width(100%)
    
    .height(100%)
    .backgroundColor("#cccccc")
  

build是基础页面的构造函数，用于界面的元素构造，其他的页面的生命周期函数如下：

declare class CustomComponent 
  /**
   * Customize the pop-up content constructor.
   * @since 7
   */
  build(): void;

  /**
   * aboutToAppear Method
   * @since 7
   */
  aboutToAppear?(): void;

  /**
   * aboutToDisappear Method
   * @since 7
   */
  aboutToDisappear?(): void;

  /**
   * onPageShow Method
   * @since 7
   */
  onPageShow?(): void;

  /**
   * onPageHide Method
   * @since 7
   */
  onPageHide?(): void;

  /**
   * onBackPress Method
   * @since 7
   */
  onBackPress?(): void;

2. Canvas介绍

canvas是画布组件用于自定义绘制图形，具体的API页面如下：

https://developer.harmonyos.com/cn/docs/documentation/doc-references/ts-components-canvas-canvas-0000001333641081

页面显示前会调用aboutToAppear()函数，此函数为页面生命周期函数

canvas组件初始化完毕后会调用onReady()函数，函数内部实现小游戏的初始页面的绘制

2.1 初始化页面数据

  drawall() 
    this.drawBox()
    this.drawSideBlock()
    this.drawBoxBlock()
    this.drawScore()
  

因为都是画布画的，所以布局有点麻烦，需要画几个部分：

• 中间的大框：方块下落和堆叠区域
• 右边提升框：下个方块类型
• 中间方块：方块运动和堆叠
• 下方计分：行数得分

2.2 绘制大框

  drawBox() 
    this.context.lineWidth = 4
    this.context.beginPath()
    this.context.lineCap = butt
    this.context.moveTo(0, 100)
    this.context.lineTo(270, 100)
    this.context.moveTo(270, 100)
    this.context.lineTo(270, 690)
    this.context.moveTo(0, 690)
    this.context.lineTo(270, 690)
  

2.3 绘制提示方块

drawSideBlock() 
    this.context.fillStyle = rgb(250,0,0)
    let bs = this.blockSize
    let coords = this.blockShapBasic[this.blockType]
    let x = this.sideStartX + coords[0][0]*this.blockSize
    let y = this.sideStartY + coords[0][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.sideStartX + coords[1][0]*this.blockSize
    y = this.sideStartY + coords[1][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.sideStartX + coords[2][0]*this.blockSize
    y = this.sideStartY + coords[2][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.sideStartX + coords[3][0]*this.blockSize
    y = this.sideStartY + coords[3][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    this.context.stroke()
  

2.4 绘制运动方块

drawBoxBlock() 
  this.setDirection()
  this.context.fillStyle = rgb(250,0,0)
  let bs = this.blockSize
  let coords = this.curBlockShap
  let starty = this.slotStartY + this.step * this.blockSize
  let x = this.slotStartX + coords[0][0]*this.blockSize
  let y = starty + coords[0][1]*this.blockSize
  this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
  this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
  console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
  x = this.slotStartX + coords[1][0]*this.blockSize
  y = starty + coords[1][1]*this.blockSize
  this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
  this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
  console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
  x = this.slotStartX + coords[2][0]*this.blockSize
  y = starty + coords[2][1]*this.blockSize
  this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
  this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
  console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
  x = this.slotStartX + coords[3][0]*this.blockSize
  y = starty + coords[3][1]*this.blockSize
  this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
  this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
  console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
  this.context.stroke()
  this.slotBottomY = y

2.5 绘制得分区域

drawScore() 
    this.context.fillStyle = rgb(0,0,0)
    this.context.font = 80px sans-serif
    this.context.fillText("Score:"+this.score.toString(), 20, 740)
  

3. 游戏逻辑

简单的小游戏主体游戏逻辑为：等待开始，开始，结束流程图如下：

graph LR
timer开始 --> 方块下落
timer开始 --> click[点击]
click[点击] --> 方块变形
方块下落 --> |落到底| 能消除 --> 计分 --> 堆积
方块下落 --> |落到底| 不能消除 --> 堆积
堆积 --> |堆积到顶| 满了 --> 游戏结束
堆积 --> |堆积到顶| 未满 --> 方块下落

doClick() 
    this.direction += 1
  

4. 完整逻辑

@Entry
@Component
struct Index 
  @State message: string = Hello World
  private settings: RenderingContextSettings = new RenderingContextSettings(true);
  private context: CanvasRenderingContext2D = new CanvasRenderingContext2D(this.settings);
  private blockType: number = 0
  private blockSize: number = 30
  private blockShapBasic = [
    [[0,0],[0,1],[0,2],[0,3]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[0,2],[1,2]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[1,1],[0,2]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[1,1],[1,2]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[1,0],[1,1]],
  ]
  private blockShap = [
    [[0,0],[0,1],[0,2],[0,3]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[0,2],[1,2]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[1,1],[0,2]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[1,1],[1,2]],
    [[0,0],[0,1],[1,0],[1,1]],
  ]
  private curBlockShap = []
  private sideStartX = 300;
  private sideStartY = 150;

  private slotStartX = 120;
  private slotStartY = 150;
  private slotBottomY = 150;;

  private score = 0;
  private step = 0;
  private direction = 0;

  aboutToDisappear() 
  

  aboutToAppear() 
    this.sleep(1000)
  

  async sleep(ms: number) 
    return new Promise((r) => 
      setInterval(() => 
        console.log(this.message)
        this.drawStep()

      , ms)
    )
  

  doClick() 
    this.direction += 1
  

  drawBox() 
    this.context.lineWidth = 4
    this.context.beginPath()
    this.context.lineCap = butt
    this.context.moveTo(0, 100)
    this.context.lineTo(270, 100)
    this.context.moveTo(270, 100)
    this.context.lineTo(270, 690)
    this.context.moveTo(0, 690)
    this.context.lineTo(270, 690)
  

  setDirection() 
    this.curBlockShap = this.blockShap[this.blockType]
    if (this.direction > 0) 
      for (let i=0;i<4;i++) 
        let x = this.curBlockShap[i][0]
        this.curBlockShap[i][0] = this.curBlockShap[i][1]
        this.curBlockShap[i][1] = x
      
      this.direction = 0
    
  

  drawSideBlock() 
    this.context.fillStyle = rgb(250,0,0)
    let bs = this.blockSize
    let coords = this.blockShapBasic[this.blockType]
    let x = this.sideStartX + coords[0][0]*this.blockSize
    let y = this.sideStartY + coords[0][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.sideStartX + coords[1][0]*this.blockSize
    y = this.sideStartY + coords[1][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.sideStartX + coords[2][0]*this.blockSize
    y = this.sideStartY + coords[2][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.sideStartX + coords[3][0]*this.blockSize
    y = this.sideStartY + coords[3][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    this.context.stroke()
  

  drawBoxBlock() 
    this.setDirection()
    this.context.fillStyle = rgb(250,0,0)
    let bs = this.blockSize
    let coords = this.curBlockShap
    let starty = this.slotStartY + this.step * this.blockSize
    let x = this.slotStartX + coords[0][0]*this.blockSize
    let y = starty + coords[0][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.slotStartX + coords[1][0]*this.blockSize
    y = starty + coords[1][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.slotStartX + coords[2][0]*this.blockSize
    y = starty + coords[2][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    x = this.slotStartX + coords[3][0]*this.blockSize
    y = starty + coords[3][1]*this.blockSize
    this.context.fillRect(x, y, bs, bs)
    this.context.rect(x, y, bs, bs)
    console.info("x,y"+x.toString()+":"+y.toString())
    this.context.stroke()
    this.slotBottomY = y
  

  drawScore() 
    this.context.fillStyle = rgb(0,0,0)
    this.context.font = 80px sans-serif
    this.context.fillText("Score:"+this.score.toString(), 20, 740)
  

  randomType() 
    this.blockType = Math.floor(Math.random()*5)
    console.info("blocktype:"+this.blockType.toString())
  

  drawStep() 
    this.context.clearRect(0,0,this.context.width,this.context.height)
    this.step += 1
    this.drawBox()
    this.drawSideBlock()
    this.drawBoxBlock()
    this.drawScore()
    if (this.slotBottomY >= 660) 
      this.step = 0
      this.randomType()
    
  

  drawall() 
    this.drawBox()
    this.drawSideBlock()
    this.drawBoxBlock()
    this.drawScore()
  

  build() 
    Row() 
      Column() 
        Canvas(this.context)
          .width(100%)
          .height(100%)
          .onClick((ev: ClickEvent) => 
            console.info("click!!")
            this.doClick()
          )
          .onReady(() =>
            this.context.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
            this.randomType()
            this.drawall()
          )
      
      .width(100%)
    
    .height(100%)
    .backgroundColor("#cccccc")
  

遗留问题：

1. 没实现堆积计分（接下来会做）；

2. 可实现网络对战（分布式对战）；

5. 获取源码

等游戏完整发布，会有两个版本，单机和联机版本

---

总结

本文主要介绍了小游戏的开发，画布功能的使用

本文作者：左翼风发

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