C++核心准则C.9:最小限度暴露成员

Posted 2022-11-15

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C.9: Minimize exposure of members

C.9:最小限度暴露成员

Reason（原因）

Encapsulation. Information hiding. Minimize the chance of unintended access. This simplifies maintenance.

封装性。信息隐藏。将非故意访问的可能性降至最低。简化维护。

译者注：这是封装最直接的好处。

Example（示例）

template<typename T, typename U>
struct pair 
    T a;
    U b;
    // ...
;

Whatever we do in the //-part, an arbitrary user of a pair can arbitrarily and independently change its a and b. In a large code base, we cannot easily find which code does what to the members of pair. This may be exactly what we want, but if we want to enforce a relation among members, we need to make them privateand enforce that relation (invariant) through constructors and member functions. For example:

无论我们在注释的位置做什么，pair的任何用户都可以随意、独立的修改数据成员a和b。在大规模代码中，我们无法简单地发现是哪段代码对pair的成员做了什么。如果这就是我们想要的当然没问题，但是如果我们想要加强成员间联系，就需要将它们变更为私有成员并通过构造函数和成员函数强化这种联系（不变式）。例如：

class Distance 
public:
    // ...
    double meters() const  return magnitude*unit; 
    void set_unit(double u)
    
            // ... check that u is a factor of 10 ...
            // ... change magnitude appropriately ...
            unit = u;
    
    // ...
private:
    double magnitude;
    double unit;    // 1 is meters, 1000 is kilometers, 0.001 is millimeters, etc.
;

Note（注意）

If the set of direct users of a set of variables cannot be easily determined, the type or usage of that set cannot be (easily) changed/improved. For public and protected data, thats usually the case.

如果无法简单地决定一组变量的直接用户，这组变量的类型和用法就无法（简单地）变更和改善。公有或保护成员，基本上属于这种情况。

Example（示例）

A class can provide two interfaces to its users. One for derived classes (protected) and one for general users (public). For example, a derived class might be allowed to skip a run-time check because it has already guaranteed correctness:

一个类可以向用户提供两类接口。一类面向派生类（保护成员），一个面向普通用户（公有成员）。例如，由于已经保证了正确性，某个派生类可能会允许省略某项运行时检查。

class Foo 
public:
    int bar(int x)  check(x); return do_bar(x); 
    // ...
protected:
    int do_bar(int x); // do some operation on the data
    // ...
private:
    // ... data ...
;
class Dir : public Foo 
    //...
    int mem(int x, int y)

        /* ... do something ... */
        return do_bar(x + y); // OK: derived class can bypass check
    
;
void user(Foo& x)

    int r1 = x.bar(1);      // OK, will check
    int r2 = x.do_bar(2);   // error: would bypass check
    // ...