The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide for his family. Similarly, the father in the modern family is expected to do so. 传统家庭中父亲的角色是供养家庭。同样，现代家庭里的父亲也被期望这么做。

可以充当状语的词和结构

状语可以由以下的词和结构来充当：

1) 副词

This car engine runs very quietly. 这辆汽车的发动机噪音很小。

He immediately switched off the light. 他立刻把灯熄灭。

Undoubtedly, he is the best chess player in this country. 毫无疑问，他是这个国家最好的(国际象棋)棋手。

2) 介词短语

Fresh water was taken to this area by air. 新鲜的水通过空运到达这里。

I have been waiting for more than half an hour. 我已经等了不只半小时。

3) 不定式

I went there to see my old friend. 我到那里去见我的老朋友。

To be honest, I am still quite confused about this. 说实话，我仍然对这个感到很困惑。

4) 现在分词

Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. 做出决定后，他们就立即开始工作。

He hurriedly ran into the house looking for places to hide. 他匆匆跑进屋里寻找藏身之地。

5) 过去分词

Compared to ours their house is a palace. 他们的房子和我们的相比简直就是皇宫。.

She came in, followed by her husband. 她走进来，丈夫跟随其后。

6) 形容词

Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. 因为急于快速作出决定，主席要求投票表决。

He said nothing but sat silent smoking. 他什么话也没说，只是静静坐在那里抽着烟。

7) 名词

See you next week. 下周见。

They consider it better to do it that way. 他们认为那样做更妥当些。

8）从句(即状语从句)

She looked at me curiously as I opened the door. 我开门时，她好奇地看着我。

I’ll come to your place when I am free. 我一有空就会到你那里。

9) 独立主格

Everything prepared, we started our new journey. 一切准备就绪，我们开始新的旅程。

10) 复合结构

With the task completed successfully, they went home happily. 成功地完成任务后，他们高兴地回了家。

状语的位置

与汉语比较，英语状语的位置要灵活得多。在汉语中状语通常位于动词之前，而英语中的状语位于动词之后或之前都很常见。

1. 状语修饰动词时的位置

1) 状语修饰动词，常位于动词之后。

His father has died suddenly. 他父亲突然去世了。

The police came at once after receiving my call. 警察接到我的电话就立刻赶来了。

Light travels extremely fast. 光的速度极快。

2) 如果动词之后有跟宾语，则状语要位于宾语之后。

His eyes adapted to the dark slowly. 他的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。

The lady wanted to see her kid very badly. 那位女士很渴望见到她的小孩。

3) 状语也可以置于动词之前，特别是一些副词。

They quickly got used to this new way of life.　他们很快就适应了这种新生活方式。

The little snail slowly moves to the door of its shell. 小蜗牛慢慢地爬到壳口。

[注]

1) 当需要对状语进行强调时，可以将状语移到句首。

After midnight, the curfew began. 午夜之后，宵禁开始了。

2) 注意有时状语可以移位到宾语之前。这时比较考验阅读者的语感。详细可见《状语提前》一文。

He was very tall and carried over his head an umbrella. 他很高，头上撑着一把伞。

2. 状语修饰副词或形容词时的位置

状语修饰副词或形容词时，通常位于副词或形容词之前。

Given his age, this is absolutely impossible. 鉴于他的年龄，这绝对是不可能的。

We can't go any further. 我们不能再往前走了。

注意，副词enough 比较特别，应放于形容词和副词之后。

He was intelligent enough to turn off the gas. 他关掉了煤气，够聪明的。

We didn't leave early enough. 我们离开得不够早。

3. 状语也可以位于句首，修饰整个句子或起连接作用。

Admittedly, the local people didn't know that at the time. 不可否认,当地的人当时并不知道情况。

It's too late to go out now. Besides, it starts raining outside. 现在出去太晚了。此外，外边也开始下起雨来了。

4. 状语还可以作为插入成分，特别是插入到主语和谓语之间。

This is, in fact, a new type of humour. 这个事实上是一种新式的幽默。

Susan, horrified at what she had seen, could not say a word. 苏珊被看到的东西吓着了，什么话也说不出。

介词

介词概述

介词在结构上可以分为两种：

1) 简单介词：这种介词是指单个词的介词。如:

in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across

2) 复合介词（也称成语介词）：指由两个或两个以上的词组成的介词。如:

out of，apart from，because of，by means of

介词短语及其构成

介词在句中不能单独存在, 而是必须以介词短语的形式存在.。介词短语的构成如下（其中 “介词 + 名词” 短语结构最常见）：

1) 介词 + 名词

Unfortunately, there wasn't enough demand for our product. 不幸的是，我们的产品市场需求不大。

There is a real need for discipline in this class. 这个班级，没纪律不行。

2) 介词 + 代词

He always carried the photo with him．他总是随身带着那张相片。

He is not interested in that at all. 他根本对那个不感兴趣。

3) 介词 + 动名词

He entered the room without taking off his shoes．他没有脱掉鞋就进了房间。

He objected to being treated like a child. 他反对被当作小孩看待。

4) 介词 + 数词

She is a mother of two. 她是一位有两个儿子的母亲。

It is half past six. 现在是6点半。

5) 介词 + 形容词或副词

Your plan is far from perfect．你的计划远没有那么完美。

I heard someone calling me from below. 我听见有人在下面叫我。

6) 介词 + 另一个介词 + 名词

I saw her from across the street. 我从街对面看到她。

We never play bridge until after dinner. 我们只在晚饭后打桥牌。

7) 介词 + 名词性从句

The exercise are well done expect that some words are misspelled. 除了有些拼写错误之外，这些练习做得不错。

The car stopped only a few inches from where I stood. 汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处停下来了。

He gave a lesson on how to improve soil. 他讲了一课如何改进土壤。

8) 介词 + 复合结构

I had no objection to Jenny marrying him. 我不反对詹妮和他结婚。

He sat in his room with no light on. 他坐在他的房间里，没有开灯。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他亮着灯睡着了。

9) 介词 + 动词不定式

I had no alternative but to walk out. 我别无他法只好走出去。

She can do everything except cook. 她什么都会，就是不会做饭。

介词短语在句中的作用

1) 作状语

His parents work on a farm. 他父母在农场工作。

He arrived in Washington at five o'clock in the morning. 他早晨五点到达华盛顿。

Mary came back because of the rain. 玛丽因为下雨回来了。

2) 作定语

The book on the desk is very interesting. 书桌上的那本书很有趣。

It is the best way of doing it. 这是做这件事的最好方法。

3) 作表语

This book will be of great use to you. 这本书对你会有很大的用处。

This is against the law. 这是违法的。

4) 作宾语补足语

I found everything in good condition.我觉得一切都很好。

The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 老师手里拿着本书走进了教室。

什么是非谓语动词

英语句子中的动词需要使用一定的语法格式。要么使用谓语动词的格式；要么使用非谓语动词的格式。谓语动词的格式包括各种时态（如一般现在时态）、语态（如被动语态）和语气（如虚拟语气）。而非谓语动词的格式则有四种，分别是不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。这四种格式的详细用法请看相关章节。

那么什么是非谓语动词呢？或者说，什么情况下需要在句子使用这种非谓语的动词格式呢？这里用一个简单的例子来说明。在说话时，如果我们要表达“小明喜欢苹果”，很显然这句话里边的动词就是“喜欢”。而“喜欢”这个词就是这个句子的谓语动词。这个句子译为“Xiaoming likes apples.”。但是如果我们想表达复杂一点的句子，比如“小明喜欢吃苹果”，那么问题就来了。因为这时除了谓语动词“喜欢”之外，还有动词“吃”。那么这个“吃”就是除了谓语之外的动词。它在英语语法中就是非谓语动词，必须得用非谓语的动词格式来表达。所以这句话要译成 “Xiaoming likes eating apples.” 或 “Xiaoming likes to eat apples.”。其中的 "eating" 和 "to eat" 分别是英语中的动名词和不定式格式。如果将这句话译成 “Xiaoming likes eat apples” 就是错的，因为其中的 eat 没有采用英语动词的非谓语格式。

我们可以很容易就想到表达中有很多需要非谓语动词格式的地方。比如：

(1) They built a highway leading to the city. 他们修建了一条通往城市的公路。(leading 为现在分词作定语修改 highway。谓语动词是 built)

(2) Working hard, you will earn enough money for retirement. 如果努力工作，你就会赚到足够的钱来退休。（working 为现在分词作状语。谓语动词是 earn)

(3) Reading his books is very interesting. 阅读他的书非常有趣。(reading 为动名词作主语。谓语动词是 is）

(4) The injured passengers were taken to the nearest hospital. 受伤的乘客被送往最近的医院。（injured 为过去分词作定语。take 为谓语动词。）

(5) I advised them to try this new approach. 我建议他们尝试这种新方法。(to try 为不定式作宾语补足语。advise 为谓语动词。）

简而言之，除了谓语动词之外，英语句子中其他地方如果需要用到动词，都需要使用非谓语动词的格式，否则的话句子就会有语病。

不定式概述

1) 不定式的种类

不定式有两种。一种是带to的不定式(a)，另一种是不带 to 的不定式(b)。不带 to 的不定式和动词原形相同。

a) He wants to become a teacher. 他想成为一名教师。

b) I can help you remember that. 我可以帮助你记住那个。

2) 不定式的形式

一般形式：to do

完成式: to have done

进行式: to be doing

一般式的被动形式: to be done

完成式的被动形式: to have been done

完成进行式: to have been doing 【高中以上】

不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not

不定式在句中的作用

不定式作主语

* To stop the work now seems impossible. 现在停止工作似乎已经不可能。

* To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek. 爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。

很多时候为了避免头重脚轻的现象, 常以it 作为先行词, 而把不定式移到句子的后部。

a) it + be + 形容词 + 不定式

* It isn't right to gossip about others. 说闲话是不对的。

* It is nice not to be dependent on them. 不依靠他们是好的。

b) it + be + 名词 + 不定式

* It‘s our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾好老人是我们的义务。

* It was a pity to have to go without her. 她没能一起去真是可惜。

* It is not a good habit to stay up too late. 熬夜到太晚是个不好的习惯。

* Isn't it a good idea to set up a lab of our own? 建一座我们自己的实验室不是个好主意吗？

c) it + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式

* It requires a lot of money to build a house. 建一座房子需要一大笔钱。

* It takes five minutes to walk there. 走到那里需要5分钟。

* It seems a pity to refuse. 拒绝似乎是很遗憾的。

d) it + be + 介词短语 + 不定式

* It's beyond me to explain these. 要解释这些我力所不及。

* It's really beyond my ability to communicate with you. 我确实无法和你交流。

2) 不定式作宾语

a) 不定式作宾语

* He neglected to pay the fee. 他忘记付钱了。

* My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired. 我妈妈讨厌搬来搬去，因为她感到很疲倦。

* She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it. 她没有及时完成任务，她对此感到很担心。

* I can't afford to buy a car. 我买不起小汽车。

* We will arrange to see him tomorrow. 我们将安排明天见他。

* They preferred not to put this on the agenda. 他们宁愿不把这列入议程。

* I am preparing to take the examination on Monday. 我在准备参加礼拜一的考试。

注：动词help可有不带to的不定式作宾语。

* Regular exercise will help (to) improve your health. 经常进行锻增进健康。

b) 不定式与连接(代)副词连用构成宾语从句

* I hope you'll advise me what to do. 我希望你给我出主意怎么办好。

* I couldn't decide which book to choose. 我决定不了选择哪本书。

* Could you please tell me where to park my car? 你可以告诉我哪里可以停车吗？

* Have you decided when to marry? 你决定什么时候结婚了吗？

* He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. 他感到啼笑皆非。

* Everyone has his own idea of how to do it. 如何做这件事各人都有不同的看法。

* Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. 马克思给了些关于如何学习一门外语的建议。

* I'm worrying about what to do next. 我正在担心下一步该怎么办。

c) 有时可以用 it 作形式宾语，而把不定式后置。

* He found it hard to learn maths. 他发现数学很难学。

* Don't you think it better to translate it this way? 你难道不觉得这样译好些吗？

* I consider it better not to go. 我认为还是不去为好。

* He made it a rule only to speak English in class. 他规定课堂上只能讲英语。

* He regards it as important to help his friends. 他认为帮助朋友是很重要的。

3) 不定式构成复合宾语

a) 许多动词可有不定式作为复合宾语，即: 动词 + 名词 (代词) + 不定式。

* They preferred her not to go with them. 他们宁愿不跟他们去。

* He wants all of us to make rapid progress. 他希望我们大家都迅速进步。

* I didn't expect you to arrive here so soon.我没有料到你会来得这么快。

* What do you advise me to do? 你建议我做什么？

* They invited us to go there in the summer. 他们邀请我们夏天去那里。

* Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow. 告诉他后天到这里来。

b) 作为复合宾语的不定式可以是完成形式或进行形式。

* People consider Charles Babbage to have invented the first computer. 人们认为查尔斯•巴贝奇是第一个发明电脑的人。

* We believed it to have been a mistake. 我们相信那曾是个错误。

* The man was later discovered to have been a spy. 　后来，发现这个人当过间谍。

* Of course we should like everything to be going smoothly. 当然我们愿意一切都进行得很顺利。

c) 有些动词可跟带有to be 的复合宾语。

* The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do. 这小纸条提醒我做什么事都要谨慎。

* What do you consider to be your greatest achievement? 您认为您最伟大的成就是什么？

* We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

* We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。

* They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful．他们发现中国人都很幸福快乐。

* He declared the rumor to be false. 他宣布传闻是假的。

d) 跟复合宾语的动词有时可用被动语态。

* She will be sent to study abroad. 她将要被送到国外读书。

* Tom was considered to be one of the best students in our class at that time. 那时汤姆被认为是我们班上成绩很好的学生之一。

* Money was also thought to be very important. 　　钱也被认为是很重要的。

* Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week. 据说布朗先生上个星期去了加拿大。

* They are said to be building another bridge across the river. 据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。

e) 有些动词只跟不带to 的不定式构成复合宾语。

* He saw her fall from the cliff. 他看见她从悬崖上掉下去。

* I felt someone open my door．我感觉有人开了我的门。

* He notices a thief slip into the house. 他注意到一个小偷溜进了房子。

* I will have the students write a passage about Internet. 我会让学生写一篇关于网络的作文。

* Her parents let her stay out late. 她父母让她在外面呆到很晚。

* What make you think like that? 是什么使你这样想？

* Please listen to me sing the song again．请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。

* Look at the girl dance! 瞧那些女孩跳舞！

注：动词help 可以跟带to 的不定式作宾语补语，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但被动时则要加to:

* She sometimes helps her mother (to) wash clothes. 她有时帮她妈妈洗衣服。

* I helped him (to) find his things. 我帮他找东西.

* They were helped to complete the project. 他们得到帮助完成项目。

f) 有些“动词 + 介词”结构后也可跟不定式构成的复合宾语。

* The government calls on the public to fight against piracy. 政府号召大众人民反对盗版。

* We are all longing for the new term to begin. 我们都期待新学期开始。

4) 不定式作定语

a) 不定式可以作后置定语修饰前边的名词

* I have a lot of work to do.　我有很我工作要做。

* He was the first athlete to get to the finishing line. 他是第一个到达终点的选手。

* It's time to get up! 该起床了!

* He made no attempt to carry it out. 他无意将它付诸实行。

* His anxiety to succeed led him study very hard. 他迫切希望成功，这促使他非常努力地学习。

b) 不定式作定语有时会用到被动形式。

* You are invited to a party to be given at 7:00 p. m. Dec. 5. 请你参加将于十二月五日晚上七点举行的晚会。

* Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗？

* I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？

c) 不定式还可以和关系代词which连用作定语【高中以上】

* It was a bad season in which to have outings. 这是一个不适于郊游的季节。

* Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一分钟时间来卸装。

* She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在银行有一点存款，用来帮助她的妈妈。

5) 不定式作状语

a) be + 形容词 + 不定式

* He was delighted to see his old friend again. 他再见到他的老朋友感到很高兴。

* She was afraid to go out at night. 她晚上不敢外出。

* Are we likely to arrive in time? 我们能够及时到达吗？

* John was careless to break the cup. 约翰不小心把杯子摔破了。

b) 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。

* A group of young people got together to discuss this question. 一群年轻人聚集在一起讨论这个问题。

* I often read China Daily so as to improve my reading.我常读《中国日报》以提高我的阅读。

* The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn the death of Lincoln. 听到林肯去逝的消息，全国都沉浸在悲痛之中。

* She tried to kill herself only to be saved.她企图自杀，后来被救了。

c) 不定式可作状语修饰整个句子。

* To begin with，I do not like its color. 首先，我不喜欢它的颜色。

* To tell you the truth，the film was a great disappointment to me. 说实在的，那部影片使我大为失望。

* To make a long story short，we agreed to disagree. 长话短说，我们同意各自保留不同的看法。

* It happened late last century in 1995, to be exact. 事情发生在上个世纪末—准确地说，在1995年。

* To make matters worse, it started to snow when evening came. 更糟糕的是，天黑时天开始下雪了。

d) 此外，在许多句型中也可用不定式作状语。

* He is too excited to sleep.他太激动了，不能入睡。

* Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

* His indifference is such as to make one despair. 他如此冷淡，令人感到绝望。

* Baker can't have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting for so long. 贝克不可能做出这么糟糕的事让你等了这么久。

* Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me？你能帮我提一下行李吗？

* People there killed many lions in order to protect the deer. 那里的人们为了保护鹿, 杀掉了许多狮子。

* He was lucky enough to find a seat.他够幸运的，能找到座位。

* He came in quietly in order not to wake the child. 他轻轻地走了进来, 以免吵醒孩子。

6) 不定式作表语

* His

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