elasticsearch的字符串动态映射

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  • 映射用来定义文档及其字段如何被存储和索引,文档写入es时,es可根据写入内容的类型自动识别,这种机制就是动态映射(Dynamic field mapping),本文关注的是写入内容为字符串时,该内容被识别的字段类型;

环境信息

  1. 操作系统:Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS
  2. elasticsearch:6.7.1
  3. kibana:6.7.1

官网解释

  • 来自官网的解释,如下图,地址是:https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/dynamic-field-mapping.html

  • 官网的解释为:
  1. 如果是日期类型,就映射为date;
  2. 如果是数字,就映射为double或者long;
  3. 否则就是text,并且还会带上keyword子类型
  • 映射为text好理解,但是带上keyword子类型怎么理解呢?应该是达到静态绑定的映射参数fields效果,让该字段有两种索引方式,这样可以用text类型做全文检索,再用keyword类型做聚合和排序;

  • 接下来实战验证:

创建文档

  • 在Kibana上执行以下命令,创建索引、类型、一个文档:
PUT book/es/101
"title":"Elasticsearch IN ACTION","language":"java","author":"Radu Gheorghe","price":58.80,"publish_time":"2018-10-01","description":"本书主要展示如何使用Elasticsearch构建可扩展的搜索应用程序。"
  • 再创建一条:
PUT book/es/102
"title":"ELK Stack权威指南 ","language":"java","author":"拉斐尔·酷奇","price":62.40,"publish_time":"2017-05-01","description":"本书涵盖了Elasticsearch的许多中高级功能。"

检查动态映射结果

  • 执行命令GET book/_mapping查看动态映射结果,字符串动态映射后,字段类型为text,但是都有了fields参数,里面是keyword的子类型:

  "book" : 
    "mappings" : 
      "es" : 
        "properties" : 
          "author" : 
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : 
              "keyword" : 
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              
            
          ,
          "description" : 
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : 
              "keyword" : 
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              
            
          ,
          "language" : 
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : 
              "keyword" : 
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              
            
          ,
          "price" : 
            "type" : "float"
          ,
          "publish_time" : 
            "type" : "date"
          ,
          "title" : 
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : 
              "keyword" : 
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              
            
          
        
      
    
  

验证检索

  • 执行以下检索命令验证检索:
GET book/_search

  "query": 
    "match": "title":"Elasticsearch"
  

  • 第一条记录都可以搜索到,证明description字段已经被分词和索引了;
  • title字段还有一种索引方式keyword,也来试试,查keyword是要用完整内容做查询条件的,如下:
GET book/_search

  "query": 
    "term": "title":"Elasticsearch IN ACTION"
  

  • 得到的结果如下,没有记录

  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : 
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  ,
  "hits" : 
    "total" : 0,
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [ ]
  

  • 这是怎么回事呢?对于这种sub-field的查询,不能直接使用title,而是要用title.keyword,改成如下请求:
GET book/_search

  "query": 
    "term": "title.keyword":"Elasticsearch IN ACTION"
  

  • 这次顺利查到:

  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : 
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  ,
  "hits" : 
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      
        "_index" : "book",
        "_type" : "es",
        "_id" : "101",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : 
          "title" : "Elasticsearch IN ACTION",
          "language" : "java",
          "author" : "Radu Gheorghe",
          "price" : 58.8,
          "publish_time" : "2018-10-01",
          "description" : "本书主要展示如何使用Elasticsearch构建可扩展的搜索应用程序。"
        
      
    ]
  

验证聚合

  • 执行以下命令,以language字段进行分组,统计每个分组的文档数:
GET book/_search

  "aggs": 
    "per_count": 
      "terms":
        "field":"language.keyword"
      

    
  

  • 得到结果如下,可以成功统计language字段为java的文档数量为2,可见动态映射给language设定的keyword类型能够直接用于聚合(text类型不能直接用于聚合,会返回status=400错误,修改参数后可以将text类用于聚合,但是会消耗更多内存资源):

  "took" : 2,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : 
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  ,
  "hits" : 
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      
        "_index" : "book",
        "_type" : "es",
        "_id" : "101",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : 
          "title" : "Elasticsearch IN ACTION",
          "language" : "java",
          "author" : "Radu Gheorghe",
          "price" : 58.8,
          "publish_time" : "2018-10-01",
          "description" : "本书主要展示如何使用Elasticsearch构建可扩展的搜索应用程序。"
        
      ,
      
        "_index" : "book",
        "_type" : "es",
        "_id" : "102",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : 
          "title" : "ELK Stack权威指南 ",
          "language" : "java",
          "author" : "拉斐尔·酷奇",
          "price" : 62.4,
          "publish_time" : "2017-05-01",
          "description" : "本书涵盖了Elasticsearch的许多中高级功能。"
        
      
    ]
  ,
  "aggregations" : 
    "per_count" : 
      "doc_count_error_upper_bound" : 0,
      "sum_other_doc_count" : 0,
      "buckets" : [
        
          "key" : "java",
          "doc_count" : 2
        
      ]
    
  

  • 以上就是字符串在动态映射逻辑中的结果和验证,您使用动态映射的过程中,如果在词项查询和聚合等操作中遇到疑惑,希望本文能提供些参考;

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