MySQL学习之单表查询
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一.单表查询
(一). 查询字段
I.单个字段
格式: select 字段名 from 表名;
说明:
① select 和from都是关键字
② 字段名和表名都是标识符
③ SQL语句不区分大小写,并且都是以“ ;”结尾
演示:
mysql> desc dept;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| DEPTNO | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| DNAME | varchar(14) | YES | | NULL | |
| LOC | varchar(13) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select dname from dept;
+------------+
| dname |
+------------+
| ACCOUNTING |
| RESEARCH |
| SALES |
| OPERATIONS |
+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
II.查询多个字段
方法: 在I的基础上通过“ ,”将多个字段名隔开即可
演示:
mysql> select dname,deptno from dept;
+------------+--------+
| dname | deptno |
+------------+--------+
| ACCOUNTING | 10 |
| RESEARCH | 20 |
| SALES | 30 |
| OPERATIONS | 40 |
+------------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
III.查询所有字段
格式:
(1) select 字段一,字段二,字段三 ... from tablename; (所有字段)
(2)select * from tablename;
说明:
方式(2)特点:
①效率低(需要先将 * 转化为 字段 ,然后再执行 )
②可读性差
应用场景:需要快速查看表中所有数据时可以使用
演示:
方式一:
mysql> select dname,deptno,loc from dept;
+------------+--------+----------+
| dname | deptno | loc |
+------------+--------+----------+
| ACCOUNTING | 10 | NEW YORK |
| RESEARCH | 20 | DALLAS |
| SALES | 30 | CHICAGO |
| OPERATIONS | 40 | BOSTON |
+------------+--------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
方式二:
mysql> select* from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(二). 列起别名
方法:通过使用as 关键字来实现的
说明:
① 使用as 关键字起别名只是将结果列名显示为别名,原表列名是不变的
② select 语句永远不会进行修改操作的(只负责查询)
演示:
方式一(不省略关键字as):
mysql> select* from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select deptno,dname as deptname from dept; #deptname为dname的别名
+--------+------------+
| deptno | deptname |
+--------+------------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| 20 | RESEARCH |
| 30 | SALES |
| 40 | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
方式二(省略关键字as):
mysql> select deptno,dname deptname from dept;
+--------+------------+
| deptno | deptname |
+--------+------------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| 20 | RESEARCH |
| 30 | SALES |
| 40 | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select deptno,dname deptname name from dept;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version
for the right syntax to use near name from dept at line 1
补充,如果别名中存在空格,可以将这整个别名使用 ‘’ 或 “ ” 包括起来
mysql> select deptno,dname deptname name from dept;
+--------+---------------+
| deptno | deptname name |
+--------+---------------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| 20 | RESEARCH |
| 30 | SALES |
| 40 | OPERATIONS |
+--------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:
① 在所有的数据库当中,字符串统一使用单引号(标准)括起来
②双引号在oracle数据库中不能使用,但是在mysql数据库中是可以使用的
字段可以使用数学表达式:
mysql> select ename,sal*12 as yearsal from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | yearsal |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 19200.00 |
| WARD | 15000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 15000.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
说明:如果 别名 为中文,需要使用 单引号 ‘ ’ 括起来
(三) 条件查询
介绍:根据条件查询出符合要求的。
语法格式:
select 字段1,字段2,字段3 ...from tablename where 条件;
常见条件如下表:
运算符 | 说明 |
= | 等于 |
<> 或!= | 不等于 |
< | 小于 |
<= | 小于等于 |
> | 大于 |
>= | 大于等于 |
between… and …. | 两个值之间,等同于 **>= and <=** |
is null | 为 null(is not null 不为空) |
and | 并且 |
or | 或者 |
in | 包含,相当于多个 o(r not in 不在这个范围中) |
not | not 可以取非,主要用在 is 或 in 中 |
like | like 称为模糊查询,支持 % 或下划线匹配 % 匹配任意个字符 下划线,一个下划线只匹配一个字符 |
应用实例:
(1)= (查询薪资等于 1600的员工姓名和编号)
mysql> select empno,ename from emp where sal=1600 ;
+-------+-------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+-------+
| 7499 | ALLEN |
+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
(2)!= (查询薪资不等于 1600的员工姓名和编号)
mysql> select empno,ename from emp where sal!=1600 ;
+-------+--------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH |
| 7521 | WARD |
| 7566 | JONES |
| 7654 | MARTIN |
| 7698 | BLAKE |
| 7782 | CLARK |
| 7788 | SCOTT |
| 7839 | KING |
| 7844 | TURNER |
| 7876 | ADAMS |
| 7900 | JAMES |
| 7902 | FORD |
| 7934 | MILLER |
+-------+--------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(3) < (查询薪资小于1600的员工姓名和编号)
mysql> select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal<1600 ;
+-------+--------+---------+
| empno | ename | sal |
+-------+--------+---------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 800.00 |
| 7521 | WARD | 1250.00 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| 7844 | TURNER | 1500.00 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 950.00 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(4) = (查询SMITH的编号和薪资)
mysql> select empno,ename,sal from emp where ename=SMITH ;
+-------+-------+--------+
| empno | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 800.00 |
+-------+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
说明:字符串使用单引号
(5)betweent ... and ... (查询薪资在2450到 4000之间的员工姓名、编号、薪资)
mysql> select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal between 2450 and 4000 ;
+-------+-------+---------+
| empno | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+---------+
| 7566 | JONES | 2975.00 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 2450.00 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| 7902 | FORD | 3000.00 |
+-------+-------+---------
说明:必须遵循左小右大原则
(6)is null (查询哪些员工的津贴/补助为null)
mysql> select empno,ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null;
+-------+--------+---------+------+
| empno | ename | sal | comm |
+-------+--------+---------+------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 800.00 | NULL |
| 7566 | JONES | 2975.00 | NULL |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL |
| 7782 | CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL |
| 7839 | KING | 5000.00 | NULL |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL |
| 7900 | JAMES | 950.00 | NULL |
| 7902 | FORD | 3000.00 | NULL |
| 7934 | MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:在数据库当中null不能使用等号来进行衡量。需要使用is null,因为数据库中的null代表什么也没有,它不是一个值,所以不能使用等号衡量。
如果查询员工的津贴不是null,通过如下命令:
mysql>select empno ,ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is not null;
mysql> select empno ,ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is not null;
+-------+--------+---------+---------+
| empno | ename | sal | comm |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+
| 7499 | ALLEN | 1600.00 | 300.00 |
| 7521 | WARD | 1250.00 | 500.00 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |
| 7844 | TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(7) and 并且(查询工作岗位是MANAGER并且工资大于2500的员工信息)
mysql> select empno,ename,job,sal from emp where job =MANAGER and sal > 2500;
+-------+-------+---------+---------+
| empno | ename | job | sal |
+-------+-------+---------+---------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 |
+-------+-------+---------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(8)or 或则 (查询岗位是MANAGER和 SALESMAN的员工)
mysql> select empno,ename,job from emp where job = MANAGER or job = SALESMAN;
+-------+--------+----------+
| empno | ename | job |
+-------+--------+----------+
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN |
+-------+--------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
混合应用:
查询工资大于2500,并且部门编号为10或20部门的员工
#错误写法:and的优先级高于or(原因)
mysql> select * from emp where sal 以上是关于MySQL学习之单表查询的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章