Ubuntu软件管理工具

Posted 2022-08-25 天梯的脚印

dpkg 包管理器

• 语法格式

dpkg [option] [package]

• 常见用法

#安装包，不支持包的依赖
dpkg -i package.deb
#删除包，不建议，不自动卸载依赖于它的包
dpkg -r package
#删除包（包括配置文件）
dpkg -P package
#列出当前已安装的包，类似rpm -qa
dpkg -l
#显示该包的简要说明
dpkg -l package
#列出该包的状态，包括详细信息，类似rpm –qi
dpkg -s package
#列出该包中所包含的文件，类似rpm –ql
dpkg -L package
#搜索包含pattern的包，类似rpm –qf
dpkg -S <pattern>
#配置包，-a 使用，配置所有没有配置的软件包
dpkg --configure package
#列出 deb 包的内容，类似rpm –qpl
dpkg -c package.deb
#解开 deb 包的内容
dpkg --unpack package.deb

• 范例

#列出系统上安装的所有软件包
dpkg -l
#列出软件包安装的文件
dpkg -L bash
#查看/bin/bash来自于哪个软件包
dpkg -S /bin/bash
#安装本地的 .deb 文件
dpkg -i /mnt/cdrom/pool/main/z/zip/zip_3.0-11build1_amd64.deb
#卸载软件包
dpkg -r zip

• 注意：
  ​​​一般建议不要使用dpkg卸载软件包。因为删除包时，其它依赖它的包不会卸载，并且可能无法再正常运行​​

apt工具集来管理包系统

• apt与apt-get命令对比

apt 命令	被取代的命令	命令的功能
apt install	apt-get install	安装软件包
apt remove	apt-get remove	移除软件包
apt purge	apt-get purge	移除软件包及配置文件
apt update	apt-get update	刷新存储库索引
apt upgrade	apt-get upgrade	升级所有可升级的软件包
apt autoremove	apt-get autoremove	升级所有可升级的软件包
apt full-upgrade	apt-get dist-upgrade	在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系
apt search	apt-get search	在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系
apt show	apt-cache show	搜索应用程序

• apt 特有的命令

apt list 列出包含条件的包（已安装，可升级等）
apt edit-sources 编辑源列表

• apt包索引配置文件

/etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/apt/sources.list.d

• 常用国内镜像源版本

#本节均为 Ubuntu 20.04 的镜像源列表。若为其他版本，将所有focal更改为其他版本代号即可。
常用的Ubuntu版本代号如下：
Ubuntu 22.04：jammy
Ubuntu 20.04：focal
Ubuntu 18.04：bionic
Ubuntu 16.04：xenial

• 配置apt包索引文件

• 阿里云源：ubuntu 16.04 配置如下

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe

• 阿里云源：ubuntu 18.04(bionic) 配置如下

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

• 阿里云源：ubuntu 20.04(focal) 配置如下

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

• 清华源：Ubuntu20.04

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

## Pre-released source, not recommended.
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

• 网易163：Ubuntu20.04

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Pre-released source, not recommended.
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse