Selenium3自动化测试38单元测试Pytest
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1.Pytest介绍
pytest测试框架也是主流的一个测试框架,推荐使用该框架,对比unnitest框架来说,其不需要像unittest那样单独创建类继承unittest.TestCase。它使用起来非常简单,只需要创建测试类或者测试文件,然后以test开头即可,pytest可以按照这个规则找到测试用例并执行。
pytest测试框架,主要有以下几个特点:
- 简单灵活,容易上手,文档丰富;
- 支持用简单的assert语句实现丰富的断言,无需复杂的self.assert*函数
- 支持参数化;
- 兼容unittest和 nose测试集
- 能够支持简单的单元测试和复杂的功能测试,还可应用到接口自动化测试(pytest+requests)中;
- 丰富的插件生态,具有很多第三方插件,并且可以自定义扩展,如pytest-Selenium(集成Selenium)等;
- 支持重复执行失败的case等;
- 方便和持续集成工具jenkins集成;
- 可以很好的和jenkins集成。
2.安装Pytest
pytest不是Python默认的package,需要手动安装。其同时可以在windows、unix系统上安装。最新的pytest版本为5.4.1,pytest5.4.1支持Python 3.5、3.6、3.7版本。本书采取(书籍资料包中)的Python版本为Python3.7,因此可以与pytest结合使用。
打开windows系统的cmd命令窗口,在命令行中运行以下命令:
pip install -U pytest
安装进度,如图所示。
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图 pytest安装
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如仍然安装不成功,可以指定国内镜像,如国内的清华大学开源软件镜像站,地址是:https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/,命令如下:
pip install --index https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple/ pytest
安装进度,如下所示。
C:\\Windows\\system32>pip install --index https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple/ pytest
Looking in indexes: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple/
Collecting pytest
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/c7/e2/c19c667f42f72716a7d03e8dd4d6f63f47d39feadd44cc1ee7ca3089862c/pytest-5.4.1-py3-none-any.whl (246kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 256kB 1.7MB/s
Collecting pluggy<1.0,>=0.12 (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/a0/28/85c7aa31b80d150b772fbe4a229487bc6644da9ccb7e427dd8cc60cb8a62/pluggy-0.13.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting colorama; sys_platform == "win32" (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/c9/dc/45cdef1b4d119eb96316b3117e6d5708a08029992b2fee2c143c7a0a5cc5/colorama-0.4.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting py>=1.5.0 (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/99/8d/21e1767c009211a62a8e3067280bfce76e89c9f876180308515942304d2d/py-1.8.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (83kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 92kB 2.0MB/s
Collecting more-itertools>=4.0.0 (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/72/96/4297306cc270eef1e3461da034a3bebe7c84eff052326b130824e98fc3fb/more_itertools-8.2.0-py3-none-any.whl (43kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 51kB 3.4MB/s
Collecting packaging (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/62/0a/34641d2bf5c917c96db0ded85ae4da25b6cd922d6b794648d4e7e07c88e5/packaging-20.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting attrs>=17.4.0 (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/a2/db/4313ab3be961f7a763066401fb77f7748373b6094076ae2bda2806988af6/attrs-19.3.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting atomicwrites>=1.0; sys_platform == "win32" (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/52/90/6155aa926f43f2b2a22b01be7241be3bfd1ceaf7d0b3267213e8127d41f4/atomicwrites-1.3.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting importlib-metadata>=0.12; Python_version < "3.8" (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/8b/03/a00d504808808912751e64ccf414be53c29cad620e3de2421135fcae3025/importlib_metadata-1.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting wcwidth (from pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/58/b4/4850a0ccc6f567cc0ebe7060d20ffd4258b8210efadc259da62dc6ed9c65/wcwidth-0.1.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting six (from packaging->pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/65/eb/1f97cb97bfc2390a276969c6fae16075da282f5058082d4cb10c6c5c1dba/six-1.14.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting pyparsing>=2.0.2 (from packaging->pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/5d/bc/1e58593167fade7b544bfe9502a26dc860940a79ab306e651e7f13be68c2/pyparsing-2.4.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl (67kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 71kB 4.8MB/s
Collecting zipp>=0.5 (from importlib-metadata>=0.12; Python_version < "3.8"->pytest)
Downloading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/packages/b2/34/bfcb43cc0ba81f527bc4f40ef41ba2ff4080e047acb0586b56b3d017ace4/zipp-3.1.0-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: zipp, importlib-metadata, pluggy, colorama, py, more-itertools, six, pyparsing, packaging, attrs, atomicwrites, wcwidth, pytest
Successfully installed atomicwrites-1.3.0 attrs-19.3.0 colorama-0.4.3 importlib-metadata-1.5.0 more-itertools-8.2.0 packaging-20.3 pluggy-0.13.1 py-1.8.1 pyparsing-2.4.6 pytest-5.4.1 six-1.14.0 wcwidth-0.1.8 zipp-3.1.0
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 20.0.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the Python -m pip install --upgrade pip command.
检查您是否安装了正确的版本
pytest --version。
C:\\Windows\\system32>pytest --version
This is pytest version 5.4.1, imported from d:\\program files\\python37\\lib\\site-packages\\pytest\\__init__.py
Pytest帮助命令
pytest --help或pytest -h。
E:\\pytestDemo>pytest --help
usage: pytest [options] [file_or_dir] [file_or_dir] [...]
positional arguments:
file_or_dir
general:
-k EXPRESSION only run tests which match the given substring expression. An expression is a Python evaluatable
expression where all names are substring-matched against test names and their parent classes.
Example: -k test_method or test_other matches all test functions and classes whose name
contains test_method or test_other, while -k not test_method matches those that dont
contain test_method in their names. -k not test_method and not test_other will eliminate the
matches. Additionally keywords are matched to classes and functions containing extra names in
their extra_keyword_matches set, as well as functions which have names assigned directly to
them. The matching is case-insensitive.
-m MARKEXPR only run tests matching given mark expression. example: -m mark1 and not mark2.
--markers show markers (builtin, plugin and per-project ones).
-x, --exitfirst exit instantly on first error or failed test.
--maxfail=num exit after first num failures or errors.
3.Pytest案例实战
3.1. pytest基础案例
通过PyCharm在工程目录下,创建pytestDemo的Python package,Pytest的案例均存放在pytestDemo下。
pytest测试用例编写非常简单,pytest可以在不同的函数、包中发现用例,但pytest有如下约束。
- 文件名以test(如:test.py)开头或以_test(如: _test.py)结尾的py文件;
- 以test_开头的函数或test_开头的方法;
- 以Test开头的类,并且不能带有 init 方法;
- 要注意的是所有的包必须要有init.py文件(在PyCharm中会自动生成)。
3.1.1 创建基础待测方法
在pytestDemo下新建test_demo.py文件,代码如下:
def add(a,b): return a + b
def test_add():
assert add(2,3) == 5
### 3.1.2 运行测试方法
通过cmd进入到test_demo.py所在的文件夹下,然后运行pytest,如下所示。
E:\\>cd pytestDemo
E:\\pytestDemo>pytest
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.5, pytest-5.4.1, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: E:\\pytestDemo
collected 1 item
test_demo.py . [100%]
================================ 1 passed in 0.02s =============
将test_demo.py将代码进行变动,将实际值与期望值改成不一致,代码如下:
def add(a,b):
return a + b
def test_add():
assert add(2,3) == 6
cmd进入到test_demo.py所在的文件夹下,然后运行pytest,如下所示。
E:\\pytestDemo>pytest
======================= test session starts ===========================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.5, pytest-5.4.1, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: E:\\pytestDemo
collected 1 item
testdemo.py F [100%]
======================= FAILURES =========================
____ test_add __
def test_add():
3.2. 测试用例存放在类中
可将测试用例放在测试类中,通过执行测试类,而执行类中的测试用例。
3.2.1 优化测试代码
将test_demo.py将代码进行优化,代码如下:
def add(a, b):
return a + b
def minus(a, b):
return a - b
class TestClass:
def test_add(self):
assert add(2, 3) == 5
def test_minus(self):
assert minus(3, 2) == 2
3.2.2 运行优化后的测试方法
cmd进入到test_demo.py所在的文件夹下,然后运行pytest,结果如下所示。
E:\\pytestDemo>pytest
===================== test session starts ==========================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.5, pytest-5.4.1, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: E:\\pytestDemo
collected 2 items
test_demo.py .F [100%]
=================== FAILURES =========================
___________________ TestClass.test_minus _______________________________
self = <pytestDemo.test_demo.TestClass object at 0x0000023E3C369FC8>
def test_minus(self):
> assert minus(3, 2) == 2
E assert 1 == 2
E + where 1 = minus(3, 2)
test_demo.py:27: AssertionError
===================== short test summary info ===========
FAILED test_demo.py::TestClass::test_minus - assert 1 == 2
=============== 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.06s ==============================
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