Linux第二天 基础命令及软件安装
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基础命令
- 增、删、改、查
查询:查看目录下有什么 ,查看文件中的内容
ls、cat、more、less、man
创建:创建文件 创建目录
##创建文件
touch 文件名
echo hello > 文件名
##创建目录
mkdir 目录名
改:剪切和复制
mv 重命名和剪切移动文件
cp 复制拷贝文件
符号链接 ln -s 绝对路径源文件 建立链接文件绝对路径
例如:ln -s /usr/src/Aba.txt /home/admin/Des
删除:
rm -f 文件 强制删除文件
rm -rf 递归删除 强制删除目录以及目录下文件
- 获取命令帮助
man help --help
/+内容 ##在显示信息中查询内容
- ls
-a 显示隐藏文件
-l 显示文件的详细信息
-lh 显示文件大小 (du -sh 目录 显示目录大小)
-R 递归显示目录中的子目录的内容
ls|grep "过滤内容" 过滤
内部命令 命令解释器自带的命令 help cd
外部命令 安装的第三方软件带的命令 基本都有帮助手册
- dd 拷贝或转换文件
示例:/tmp 目录中建立一个大小位 100m 的文件
[root@bobi tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/bigfile bs=1M count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.397239 s, 264 MB/s
[root@bobi tmp]# ll -h /tmp/bigfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100M Apr 3 14:51 /tmp/bigfile
- 解压缩
-z gzip -j bzip2
-x 解包 -c 压包 -C 指定解包位置
压缩
tar zcf /tmp/bigfile.tar.gz ./allfile
tar jcf /tmp/bigfile.tar.bz2 ./allfile
[root@bobi tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/bigfile.tar.gz ./bigfile
[root@bobi tmp]# ls
ababa tmp vmware-root_955-3988228421
bigfile vmware-root_50225-2909161691 vmware-root_963-4256545027
bigfile.tar.gz vmware-root_50263-3178002564 yum.log
ks-script-DZ0OfE vmware-root_6282-726370616
[root@bobi tmp]# tar tf bigfile.tar.gz
./bigfile
[root@bobi tmp]# tar jcf /tmp/bigfile.tar.bz2 ./bigfile
[root@bobi tmp]# ls
ababa ks-script-DZ0OfE vmware-root_6282-726370616
bigfile tmp vmware-root_955-3988228421
bigfile.tar.bz2 vmware-root_50225-2909161691 vmware-root_963-4256545027
bigfile.tar.gz vmware-root_50263-3178002564 yum.log
解压
tar xf /tmp/bigfile.bar.gz -C /root
tar xf /tmp/bigfile.bar.bz2 -C /root
[root@bobi tmp]# rm -fr bigfile
[root@bobi tmp]# ls
ababa tmp vmware-root_955-3988228421
bigfile.tar.bz2 vmware-root_50225-2909161691 vmware-root_963-4256545027
bigfile.tar.gz vmware-root_50263-3178002564 yum.log
ks-script-DZ0OfE vmware-root_6282-726370616
[root@bobi tmp]# tar xf bigfile.tar.gz
[root@bobi tmp]# ls
ababa ks-script-DZ0OfE vmware-root_6282-726370616
bigfile tmp vmware-root_955-3988228421
bigfile.tar.bz2 vmware-root_50225-2909161691 vmware-root_963-4256545027
bigfile.tar.gz vmware-root_50263-3178002564 yum.log
[root@bobi tmp]# rm -fr bigfile
[root@bobi tmp]# tar xf bigfile.tar.bz2
[root@bobi tmp]# ls
ababa ks-script-DZ0OfE vmware-root_6282-726370616
bigfile tmp vmware-root_955-3988228421
bigfile.tar.bz2 vmware-root_50225-2909161691 vmware-root_963-4256545027
bigfile.tar.gz vmware-root_50263-3178002564 yum.log
[root@bobi tmp]# tar xf bigfile.tar.bz2 -C /tmp/ababa/
[root@bobi tmp]# cd ababa
[root@bobi ababa]# ls
1.txt bigfile
查看包里的内容
tar tf bigfile.tar.gz
[root@bobi tmp]# tar tf bigfile.tar.gz
./bigfile
- vim
分三种工作模式
vim /tmp/test.txt 进入命令模式
末行模式 :
:wq | 保存并退出 |
:q! | 不保存退出 |
:set nu | 显示行号 |
:%s#old#new#g | 每一行中的 old 替换成 new |
:50,56d | 删除 50-56 行的数据 |
命令模式有非常多的快速编辑快捷键
2yy | 复制当前行及下一行 |
p | 粘贴到当前行下 |
dd | 删除当前行 |
gg | 回到第一行 |
G | 到最后一行 |
50gg | 快速跳转至第 50 行 |
i a | 从命令模式进入输入模式 |
/ <word> | 从光标位置向后查找 |
? <word> | 从光标位置向前查找 |
软件安装
分类
- 源码包的安装
GUN 社区或 Github 社区
特点:
1. 以压缩包的形式提供给用户
2. 开源 源代码公开,不收费
安装事项:
(解压位置:/usr/src 安装位置:/usr/local)
1、上传源码包到系统
rz -be
[root@bobi ~]# rz -be
rz waiting to receive.
¿ªÊ¼ zmodem ´«Êä¡£ °´ Ctrl+C È¡Ïû¡£
100% 9498 KB 9498 KB/s 00:00:01 0 Errors
[root@bobi ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
2、解压源码包到指定的位置: /usr/src/
[root@bobi ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz -C /usr/src/
[root@bobi ~]#
[root@bobi ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@bobi src]# ls
debug httpd-2.4.53 kernels
3、进入解压路径了解软件的作用以及安装方法
[root@bobi src]# cd httpd-2.4.53/
[root@bobi httpd-2.4.53]# ls
ABOUT_APACHE LICENSE VERSIONING docs modules
Apache-apr2.dsw Makefile.in acinclude.m4 emacs-style os
Apache.dsw Makefile.win ap.d httpd.dep server
BuildAll.dsp NOTICE apache_probes.d httpd.dsp srclib
BuildBin.dsp NWGNUmakefile build httpd.mak support
CHANGES README buildconf httpd.spec test
CMakeLists.txt README.CHANGES changes-entries include
INSTALL README.cmake config.layout libhttpd.dep
InstallBin.dsp README.platforms configure libhttpd.dsp
LAYOUT ROADMAP configure.in libhttpd.mak
4、查看 README 文件:
了解服务软件 协议 版本 官网 官方路径手册所在位置
5、查看 INSTALL 文件:
$ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX(文件夹) 检查编译环境
$ make 产生编译文件
$ make install 安装编译文件
$ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start 开启服务
6、检查apache编译环境
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd
[root@bobi httpd-2.4.53]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd
checking for chosen layout... Apache
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime library...
configure:
checking for APR... no
configure: error: APR not found. Please read the documentation.
发现报错:configure: error: APR not found. Please read the documentation.(缺ARP编译环境)
百度搜索报错信息,解决办法:
下载3个安装包:
Apr 及 apr-util: https://apr.apache.org/download.cgi
Pcre下载 : https://sourceforge.net/projects/pcre/
- 上传APR包到系统:
[root@bobi ~]# rz -be
rz waiting to receive.
¿ªÊ¼ zmodem ´«Êä¡£ °´ Ctrl+C È¡Ïû¡£
100% 1068 KB 1068 KB/s 00:00:01 0 Errors
[root@bobi ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.7.0.tar.gz httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
- 解压
[root@bobi ~]# tar xf apr-1.7.0.tar.gz -C /usr/src/
[root@bobi ~]#
[root@bobi ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@bobi src]# ls
apr-1.7.0 debug httpd-2.4.53 kernels
- 检查apr编译环境
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@bobi src]# cd apr-1.7.0/
[root@bobi apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Configuring APR library
...
config.status: executing libtool commands
rm: cannot remove libtoolT: No such file or directory
config.status: executing default commands
发现报错:rm: cannot remove libtoolT: No such file or directory
百度搜索报错信息,解决办法:
[root@bobi apr-1.7.0]# yum install libtool
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
...
(2/3): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db | 14 MB 00:02
(3/3): epel/x86_64/primary_db | 7.0 MB 00:02
Package libtool-2.4.2-22.el7_3.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@bobi apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Configuring APR library
...
config.status: executing default commands
config.status: include/apr.h is unchanged
config.status: include/arch/unix/apr_private.h is unchanged
- 产生编译文件
[root@bobi apr-1.7.0]# make
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/apr-1.7.0
/bin/sh /usr/src/apr-1.7.0/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -g -O2 -pthread -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -I./include -I/usr/src/apr-1.7.0/include/arch/unix -I./include/arch/unix -I/usr/src/apr-1.7.0/include/arch/unix -I/usr/src/apr-1.7.0/include -I/usr/src/apr-1.7.0/include/private -I/usr/src/apr-1.7.0/include/private -o encoding/apr_encode.lo -c encoding/apr_encode.c && touch encoding/apr_encode.lo
...
sed -e s,^\\(apr_build.*=\\).*$,\\1/usr/local/apr/build-1, -e s,^\\(top_build.*=\\).*$,\\1/usr/local/apr/build-1, < build/apr_rules.mk > build/apr_rules.out
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/apr-1.7.0
- 安装编译文件
[root@bobi apr-1.7.0]# make install
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/apr-1.7.0
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `local-all.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/apr-1.7.0
...
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 build/apr_rules.out /usr/local/apr/build-1/apr_rules.mk
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 apr-config.out /usr/local/apr/bin/apr-1-config
- 检查编译文件
[root@bobi apr-1.7.0]# cd /usr/local/
[root@bobi local]# ls
apr bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec sbin share src
[root@bobi local]# cd apr/
[root@bobi apr]# ls
bin build-1 include lib
APR包安装成功
7、继续检查apache的编译环境
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd
[root@bobi apr]# cd /usr/src/httpd-2.4.53/
[root@bobi httpd-2.4.53]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd
checking for chosen layout... Apache
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime library...
configure:
checking for APR... yes
setting CC to "gcc"
setting CPP to "gcc -E"
setting CFLAGS to " -g -O2 -pthread"
setting CPPFLAGS to " -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE"
setting LDFLAGS to " "
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime Utility library...
configure:
checking for APR-util... no
configure: error: APR-util not found. Please read the documentation.
发现报错:configure: error: APR-util not found. Please read the documentation.(缺少APR-util编译环境)
百度搜索报错信息,解决办法:
- 上传APR-util包到系统:
[root@bobi ~]# rz -be
rz waiting to receive.
¿ªÊ¼ zmodem ´«Êä¡£ °´ Ctrl+C È¡Ïû¡£
100% 541 KB 541 KB/s 00:00:01 0 Errors
[root@bobi ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg apr-1.7.0.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
- 解压
[root@bobi ~]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz -C /usr/src/
[root@bobi ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@bobi src]# ls
apr-1.7.0 apr-util-1.6.1 debug httpd-2.4.53 kernels
[root@bobi src]# cd apr-util-1.6.1/
[root@bobi apr-util-1.6.1]# ls
CHANGES aprutil.dep configure.in libaprutil.mak
CMakeLists.txt aprutil.dsp crypto libaprutil.rc
LICENSE aprutil.dsw dbd memcache
Makefile.in aprutil.mak dbm misc
Makefile.win apu-config.in docs redis
NOTICE buckets encoding renames_pending
NWGNUmakefile build export_vars.sh.in strmatch
README build-outputs.mk hooks test
README.FREETDS build.conf include uri
README.cmake buildconf ldap xlate
apr-util.pc.in config.layout libaprutil.dep xml
apr-util.spec configure libaprutil.dsp
- 检查apr-util编译环境
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@bobi apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
...
config.status: creating test/Makefile
config.status: creating include/private/apu_config.h
config.status: executing default commands
- 产生编译文件
[root@bobi apr-util-1.6.1]# make
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
/bin/sh /usr/local/apr/build-1/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -g -O2 -pthread -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -I/usr/src/apr-util-1
...
xml/apr_xml.c:35:19: fatal error: expat.h: No such file or directory
#include <expat.h>
make[1]: *** [xml/apr_xml.lo] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
发现报错:xml/apr_xml.c:35:19: fatal error: expat.h: No such file or directory(缺少依赖)
百度搜索报错信息,解决办法:
yum install expat-devel
[root@bobi apr-util-1.6.1]# yum install expat-devel
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
...
Installed:
expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.0-14.el7_9
Dependency Updated:
expat.x86_64 0:2.1.0-14.el7_9
Complete!
- 继续执行 make
[root@bobi apr-util-1.6.1]# make
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
/bin/sh /usr/local/apr/build-1/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -g -O2 -pthre
...
de/apr-1 export_vars.c | sed -e s/^\\#[^!]*// | sed -e /^$/d >> aprutil.exp
sed s,^\\(location=\\).*$,\\1installed, < apu-1-config > apu-config.out
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
- 安装编译文件
[root@bobi apr-util-1.6.1]# make install
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `local-allPython学习第二天----网络基础及操作系统简介(安装linux系统)