Linunx 系统挂载新硬盘的四种姿势
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目前常用的磁盘挂载方式主要有两种，一种是传统的标准分区方式，另一种是采用可以动态调整容量的LVM逻辑卷的方式挂载磁盘；
一、分区前准备
1、 查看当前系统磁盘数量
登录系统后使用fdsik命令查看当前系统的磁盘数量
shell> fdisk -l
从返回结果可以看到，该系统一共存在三块磁盘：sda，sdb，sdc；其中sda已经有两个分区sda1和sda2；在云计算环境（例如阿里云，腾讯云，zstack私有云）中，第一块磁盘默认名称为vda，新加的磁盘为sda，与本实例略有区别。
2、确认磁盘使用情况
使用lsblk命令查看当前磁盘分区的使用情况
shell> lsblk
从返回结果看，sda磁盘存在两个正在使用分区，sda1的挂载点为/boot，也就是系统引导分区，sdb2分区加入到LVM逻辑卷中，然后分成两部分，一部分挂载到了swap交换空间（累似windows的虚拟内存），一部分挂载到了 / 根分区下，而sdb和sdc两块磁盘还没有被使用。
下面以sdb（200G）演示 2TB 一下小磁盘的分区方式，以sdc演示2TB及以上大小的此案分区方式。
二、标准分区方式挂载
1、2TB 以下小容量磁盘挂载方式
1.1、创建分区
shell> fdisk /dev/sdb 开始对sdb磁盘分区
进入分区工具之后的常用命令
d 删除一个分区
g 创建一个GPT分区
l 查看系统支持的所有文件系统类型
m 查看所有的命令
n 新建一个MBR分区
p 查看当前磁盘的所有分区
q 不保存分区信息退出
t 修改分区的文件系统类型
w 保存分区信息并退出分区工具
shell> p
# 显示当前磁盘的分区情况。
Disk /dev/sdb: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0cc2d83a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n # 输入字母 n 创建一个分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p # 使用主分区（MBR分区方式可以使用的是3个主分区和1个扩展分区。）
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-419430399, default 2048): # 默认分区的开始位置
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-419430399, default 419430399): # 分区默认的结束位置 （分区的大小），可以使用扇区数量们也可以使用+50G，+100M这样的方式指定分区大小
Using default value 419430399
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 200 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w # 保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
1.2、格式化分区
目前Linux系统常用的分区格式有ext4和xfs
-
ext4是第四代扩展文件系统（是linux系统下的日志文件系统，是ext3文件系统的后继版本，ext4的文件系统容量达到1EB，而文件容量则达到16TB，这是一个非常大的数字了。对一般的台式机和服务器而言，这可能并不重要，但对于大型磁盘阵列的用户而言，这就非常重要了。ext3目前只支持32000个子目录，而ext4取消了这一限制，理论上支持无限数量的子目录
- xfs是一种非常优秀的日志文件系统，它是SGI公司设计的。xfs被称为业界最先进的、最具可升级性的文件系统技术
xfs是一个64位文件系统，最大支持8EB减1字节的单个文件系统，实际部署时取决于宿主操作系统的最大块限制。对于一个32位Linux系统，文件和文件系统的大小会被限制在16TB
shell> mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=13107136 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=52428544, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=25599, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=01.3、挂载分区
shell> blkid
/dev/sdb1: UUID="45ceaa1e-c670-453a-bdfd-a9440f466ce8" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda1: UUID="76249d73-d993-4b95-a883-cdfad9fd51a3" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="SY3OgX-PpJ7-XHx7-M7tO-tgSx-ijM8-1XE8Ie" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root: UUID="e2b82aad-8b81-43cc-a7a1-b026d7931c35" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-swap: UUID="f9692663-0df0-40aa-9785-52a1e36002e1" TYPE="swap"
shell> vi /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Jun 12 11:22:30 2021
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under \'/dev/disk\'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=76249d73-d993-4b95-a883-cdfad9fd51a3 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
UUID=45ceaa1e-c670-453a-bdfd-a9440f466ce8 /soft xfs defaults 0 0
shell> mkdir /soft
shell> mount -a
shell df -l
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1918776 0 1918776 0% /dev
tmpfs 1930644 0 1930644 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1930644 11852 1918792 1% /run
tmpfs 1930644 0 1930644 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root 47285700 2975188 44310512 7% /
/dev/sda1 1038336 198460 839876 20% /boot
tmpfs 386132 0 386132 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 209611780 32992 209578788 1% /soft
shell> lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 49G 0 part
├─centos_vm43-root 253:0 0 45.1G 0 lvm /
└─centos_vm43-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 200G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 200G 0 part /soft
sdc 8:32 0 2T 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom2、2T 以上大容量磁盘挂载方式
2.1、创建分区
shell> parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type \'help\' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel gpt
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? app
File system type? [ext2]? xfs
Start? 0%
End? 100%
shell> quit2.2、格式化分区
shell> lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 49G 0 part
├─centos_vm43-root 253:0 0 45.1G 0 lvm /
└─centos_vm43-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 200G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 200G 0 part /soft
sdc 8:32 0 2T 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 2T 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
shell> mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc1
meta-data=/dev/sdc1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=134217600 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=536870400, imaxpct=5
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=262143, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=02.3、挂载分区
shell> mkdir /app
shell> blkid
/dev/sdb1: UUID="45ceaa1e-c670-453a-bdfd-a9440f466ce8" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda1: UUID="76249d73-d993-4b95-a883-cdfad9fd51a3" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="SY3OgX-PpJ7-XHx7-M7tO-tgSx-ijM8-1XE8Ie" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root: UUID="e2b82aad-8b81-43cc-a7a1-b026d7931c35" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-swap: UUID="f9692663-0df0-40aa-9785-52a1e36002e1" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdc1: UUID="0b5afafe-d9ea-4418-b925-2970e892e3a7" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="app" PARTUUID="da48aa08-9436-4460-8139-2916055dd882"
shell> vi /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Jun 12 11:22:30 2021
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under \'/dev/disk\'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=76249d73-d993-4b95-a883-cdfad9fd51a3 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
UUID=45ceaa1e-c670-453a-bdfd-a9440f466ce8 /soft xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=0b5afafe-d9ea-4418-b925-2970e892e3a7 /app xfs defaults 0 0
shell> mount -a
shell> df -lh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 12M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root 46G 2.9G 43G 7% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 194M 821M 20% /boot
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdc1 2.0T 33M 2.0T 1% /app三、LVM逻辑卷方式挂载
通过以下命令判断系统是否使用LVM逻辑卷的方式
shell> lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos_vm43 -wi-ao---- <45.12g
swap centos_vm43 -wi-ao---- <3.88g
shell> vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos_vm43 1 2 0 wz--n- <49.00g 4.00m
shell> pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos_vm43 lvm2 a-- <49.00g 4.00m1、原系统有 LVM 逻辑卷
1.1、创建分区
shell> fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x4f64c3e3.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-419430399, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-419430399, default 419430399):
Using default value 419430399
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 200 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
shell> lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 49G 0 part
├─centos_vm43-root 253:0 0 45.1G 0 lvm /
└─centos_vm43-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 200G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 200G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 2T 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom 1.2、扩容LVM逻辑卷
shell> pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos_vm43 lvm2 a-- <49.00g 4.00m
shell> pvcreate /dev/sdb1
WARNING: xfs signature detected on /dev/sdb1 at offset 0. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping xfs signature on /dev/sdb1.
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
shell> pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos_vm43 lvm2 a-- <49.00g 4.00m
/dev/sdb1 lvm2 --- <200.00g <200.00g
shell> vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos_vm43 2 2 0 wz--n- 248.99g 200.00g
shell> vgextend centos_vm43 /dev/sdb1
Volume group "centos_vm43" successfully extended
shell> vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name centos_vm43
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 248.99 GiB # VG的空间大小
PE Size 4.00 MiB # PE可以分配的最小空间大小
Total PE 63742
Alloc PE / Size 12542 / 48.99 GiB
Free PE / Size 51200 / 200.00 GiB
VG UUID 3lyEYk-l3m9-52v7-utCw-22UM-F5dl-M4f1SQ
shell> lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos_vm43 -wi-ao---- <45.12g
swap centos_vm43 -wi-ao---- <3.88g
shell> df -lhT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 12M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root xfs 45G 2.9G 42.1G 7% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 194M 821M 20% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
shell> lvextend -L +150G centos_vm43-root
Please specify a logical volume path.
Run `lvextend --help\' for more information.
shell> lvextend -L +150G /dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root
Size of logical volume centos_vm43/root changed from <45.12 GiB (11550 extents) to <195.12 GiB (49950 extents).
Logical volume centos_vm43/root successfully resized.
shell> xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root
meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=2956800 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=11827200, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=5775, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 11827200 to 51148800
shell> df -lhT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 12M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root xfs 196G 2.9G 193G 2% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 194M 821M 20% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/02、系统无 LVM 逻辑卷
2.1、创建分区
shell> parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type \'help\' to view a list of commands.
(parted)
(parted)
(parted) mklabel gpt
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 2199GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? lvm
File system type? [ext2]? xfs
Start? 0%
End? 100%
(parted) q
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.2.2、创建LVM逻辑卷
shell> pvcreate /dev/sdc1
WARNING: xfs signature detected on /dev/sdc1 at offset 0. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping xfs signature on /dev/sdc1.
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
shell> pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos_vm43 lvm2 a-- <49.00g 0
/dev/sdb1 centos_vm43 lvm2 a-- <200.00g 50.00g
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 --- <2.00t <2.00t
shell> vgcreate
No command with matching syntax recognised. Run \'vgcreate --help\' for more information.
Correct command syntax is:
vgcreate VG_new PV ...
shell> vgcreate vg_soft /dev/sdc1
Volume group "vg_soft" successfully created
shell> vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos_vm43 2 2 0 wz--n- 248.99g 50.00g
vg_soft 1 0 0 wz--n- <2.00t <2.00t
shell> lvcreate -n lv_soft -L 1T vg_soft
Logical volume "lv_soft" created.
shell> lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos_vm43 -wi-ao---- <195.12g
swap centos_vm43 -wi-ao---- <3.88g
lv_soft vg_soft -wi-a----- 1.00t 2.3、挂载使用
shell> mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/vg_soft-lv_soft -K
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vg_soft-lv_soft isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=67108864 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=268435456, imaxpct=5
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=131072, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
shell> blkid
/dev/sdb1: UUID="be0AMz-Hwt8-J3zz-4RDE-HWMB-Ltvv-nT6AlA" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/sda1: UUID="76249d73-d993-4b95-a883-cdfad9fd51a3" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="SY3OgX-PpJ7-XHx7-M7tO-tgSx-ijM8-1XE8Ie" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root: UUID="e2b82aad-8b81-43cc-a7a1-b026d7931c35" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-swap: UUID="f9692663-0df0-40aa-9785-52a1e36002e1" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdc1: UUID="0B4qKh-saLI-tlF7-BQkS-VLub-od0u-hDMnCW" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTLABEL="lvm" PARTUUID="6434ad3a-55bf-48e2-8bdb-7093aa987ae2"
/dev/mapper/vg_soft-lv_soft: UUID="03125219-53f3-4028-9218-6e075c7f9c99" TYPE="xfs"
shell> vi /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Jun 12 11:22:30 2021
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under \'/dev/disk\'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=76249d73-d993-4b95-a883-cdfad9fd51a3 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
UUID=03125219-53f3-4028-9218-6e075c7f9c99 /soft xfs defaults 0 0
shell> mkdir /soft
shell> mount -a
shell> df -lh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 12M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos_vm43-root 196G 2.9G 193G 2% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 194M 821M 20% /boot
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg_soft-lv_soft 1.0T 33M 1.0T 1% /soft以上是关于Linunx 系统挂载新硬盘的四种姿势的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章